Introducing a new hobby for other people may inspire them to join with you. Reading, as one of mutual hobby, is considered as the very easy hobby to do. But, many people are not interested in this hobby. Why? Boring is the reason of why. However, this feel actually can deal with the book and time of you reading. Yeah, one that we will refer to break the boredom in reading is choosing in diagnosis and therapy as the reading material.

Diagnosis and therapy

Flavonoids are natural biomolecules that are known to be effective antivirals. These biomolecules can act at different stages of viral infection, particularly at the molecular level to inhibit viral growth. Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71), a non-enveloped RNA virus, is one of the causative agents of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD), which is prevalent in Asia. Despite much effort, no clinically approved antiviral treatment is available for children suffering from HFMD. Flavonoids from plants serve as a vast reservoir of therapeutically active constituents that have been explored as potential antiviral candidates against RNA and DNA viruses. Here, we reviewed flavonoids as evidence-based natural sources of antivirals against non-picornaviruses and picornaviruses. The detailed molecular mechanisms involved in the inhibition of EV-A71 infections are discussed.

Flavonoids as Antiviral Agents for Enterovirus A71 (EV-A71).

COVID-19, a disease induced by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2), has been the cause of a worldwide pandemic. Though extensive research works have been reported in recent days on the development of effective therapeutics against this global health crisis, there is still no approved therapy against SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, plant-synthesized secondary metabolites (PSMs) have been prioritized to make a review focusing on the efficacy of plant-originated therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19. Plant metabolites are a source of countless medicinal compounds, while the diversity of multidimensional chemical structures has made them superior to treat serious diseases. Some have already been reported as promising alternative medicines and lead compounds for drug repurposing and discovery. The versatility of secondary metabolites may provide novel antibiotics to tackle MDR (Multi-Drug Resistant) microbes too. This review attempted to find out plant metabolites that have the therapeutic potential to treat a wide range of viral pathogens. The study includes the search of remedies belonging to plant families, susceptible viral candidates, antiviral assays, and the mode of therapeutic action; this attempt resulted in the collection of an enormous number of natural therapeutics that might be suggested for the treatment of COVID-19. About 219 plants from 83 families were found to have antiviral activity. Among them, 149 plants from 71 families were screened for the identification of the major plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) that might be effective for this pandemic. Our investigation revealed that the proposed plant metabolites can serve as potential anti- SARS-CoV-2 lead molecules for further optimization and drug development processes to combat COVID-19 and future pandemics caused by viruses. This review will stimulate further analysis by the scientific community and boost antiviral plant-based research followed by novel drug designing.

Plants Metabolites: Possibility of Natural Therapeutics Against the COVID-19 Pandemic

Nutritional and functional components of non centrifugal cane sugar: A compilation of the data from the analytical literature

A critical review of synthesis procedures, applications and future potential of nanoemulsions.

F. religiosa bark has been extensively used in traditional medicinal systems, such as Ayurveda, for its health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids) of the hydroalcoholic stem-bark extract from F. religiosa because this plant has been proven to have a beneficial effect on health disorders. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in F. religiosa bark using sophisticated chromatographical techniques such as UPLC-HRMS and RP-HPLC-PDA. Additionally, total flavonoids, total phenolics and the scavenging profile of the bark were studied using a UV spectrophotometer. A total of 23 compounds identified with UPLC-HRMS were mainly phenolic acids, polyphenolics, and flavonoids (flavanols and proanthocyanidins). Among the identified compounds, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and ellagic acid were simultaneously quantified (0.031–0.380%) using RP-HPLC-PDA. Thereafter, the study complied by evaluating the total flavonoids (109.15 ± 1.2 mg RuE/g and 33.78 ± 0.86 mg CaE/g), total phenolics (4.81 ± 1.01 mg GaE/g), and scavenging profiles (IC50 13.75 ± 0.12 µg/mL) of the F. religiosa bark. This is the first report on the chemical profiling of F. religiosa bark, which is a necessary step to evaluate its nutraceutical properties, paving the way for possible food application.

/pdf/identification-and-quantification-of-polyphenolic-secondary-682fm6ig.pdf

Identification and Quantification of Polyphenolic Secondary Metabolites in Stem Bark of Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Using UPLC-HRMS and RP-HPLC-PDA

The present study focused to optimize dual coated multiparticulates using Box-Behnken Experimental Design and in-silico simulation using GastroPlusTM software. The optimized formulations (OB1 and OB2) were comparatively evaluated for particle size, morphological, in vitro drug release, and in vivo permeation studies. In silico simulation study predicted the in vivo performance of the optimized formulation based on in-vitro data. Results suggested that optimized formulation was obtained using maximum content of Eudragit FS30D and minimum drying time (2 min). In vitro data corroborated that curcumin release was completely protected from premature drug release in the proximal part of gastro intestinal tract and successfully released to the colon (95%) which was closely predicted (90.1 %) by GastroPlusTM simulation technique. Finally, confocal laser scanning microscopy confirmed the in-vitro findings wherein maximum intensity was observed with OB1 treated group suggesting successful delivery of OB1 to the colon for enhanced absorption as predicted in regional absorption profile in ascending colon (30.9%) and caecum (23.2%). Limited drug absorption was predicted in small intestine (1.5-8.7%). The successful outcomes of the research work minimized the release of curcumin in the upper gastric tract and the maximized drug access to the colon (pH 7.4) as prime concern.

In vitro -In vivo- In silico Simulation of Experimental Design Based Optimized Curcumin Loaded Multiparticulates System.

Phytochemistry and biological activity of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.

Pyrethrin; derived from natural source (Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium) confirmed as a fundamental nucleus for the development of pyrethroids which ultimately resulted in the outstanding insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects. To date, the binding and entry mechanism by which RSV infects respiratory epithelial cells is not still well understood and need to be explored. Notably, pyrethrins have exhibited considerable antiviral potential & thus an effort was made computationally to evaluate the pyrethroids as hopeful inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV). Type 1 & type 2 Pyrethroids were subjected to docking simulations by using Maestro 9.2 version (Schrodinger LLC). Cyfluthrin showed better binding interactions against RSV (Glide score: -4.54). Remarkably, it showed two hydrogen bonding interactions with Lys46 (1.82 A) & Hie151 (2.19 A) of RSV protein receptor. The decrease in glide score is evidence for greater bond stability with protein. Based on the current findings, these studies in future may act as effective predecessor tool to further validate pyrethroids with wet lab experiments as capable antiviral agents for RSV.

https://sciforum.net/conference/ecsoc-20/paper/3635/download/pdf

Computational prediction of pyrethroids as promising agents against respiratory syncytial virus: a comparative study

In present communication pharmacognostic specification of medicinal plants used in veterinary products have been described for the purpose of their standardization. The plants undertaken for the study were Abroma augusta stem (Sterculiaceae) and Cissus quadrangularis (Vitaceae). These plants are official in Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. The observed microscopic characters of Abroma augusta stems are suberized cork cells, pericyclic fibers, polygonal parenchymatous cells. Microscopic characteristics of Cissus quadrangularis aerial part shows chlorenchymas hypodermis, sclerenchyma sheath; large cells of mucilage along with clusters and bundles of acicular crystals of calcium oxalate were seen in abundant and were scattered throughout the section. Powder microscopy of both the plants was also studied and identifying features were noted down. The improved qualitative microscopic features would prove useful for their quick identification and laying down their pharmacopoeia standards. Additionally, present study also provides the information with respect to crude drug and may serve as a reference point for the proper identification of Abroma augusta stems and aerial parts of Cissus quadrangularis. The present study would also fill the gap in providing evidential support concerning quality determination of plant material used in veterinary medicinal product. Emphasis is upon aiming to increase documentation on primary studies on medicinal plants used in veterinary medicines.

https://doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2022.11215

Uma Ranjan Lal

Papers

Identification and Quantification of Polyphenolic Secondary Metabolites in Stem Bark of Ficus religiosa (Moraceae) Using UPLC-HRMS and RP-HPLC-PDA

In vitro -In vivo- In silico Simulation of Experimental Design Based Optimized Curcumin Loaded Multiparticulates System.

Phytochemistry and biological activity of Erigeron annuus (L.) Pers.

Computational prediction of pyrethroids as promising agents against respiratory syncytial virus: a comparative study

Pharmacognostic specifications of Abroma augusta stems and Cissus quadrangularis aerial part