Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), established in 1945, is a UN specialized agency that provides global data and expertise on agri­ culture and nutrition, fisheries, forestry, and other food and agriculture– related issues. FAO is the UN system’s largest autonomous agency, with headquarters in Rome, 78 country offices and 15 regional, sub–regional, and liaison offices, including one located in Washington, D.C. FAO’s highest policy–making body, the biennial General Conference, comprises all 183 FAO member countries plus the European Commission. The General Conference determines FAO policy and approves FAO’s reg­ ular program of work and budget. The 31st Conference, meeting in November 1999, re–elected Director–General Jacques Diouf (Senegal) to a second six–year term through December 2005. Each biennial Confer­ ence elects a 49–member Council that meets semi–annually to make rec­ ommendations to the General Conference on budget and policy issues. The North America region, which comprises the United States and Can­ ada, is allocated two seats on the Council and one seat each on FAO’s Program, Finance, and Constitutional and Legal Matters (CCLM) Com­ mittees. The United States holds the North American seats on the Finance and Joint Staff Pension Committees through December 2003. Canada holds the North American seat on the CCLM and Program Committees through December 2003. The United States participated at the World Food Summit: Five Years Later meeting held at FAO headquarters June 10–13, 2002, to discuss progress towards attaining the 1996 World Food Summit target of reduc­ ing the world’s number of hungry and malnourished by half by 2015. The United States presented new initiatives to improve agriculture productivity as a significant contribution toward meeting that goal. U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Ann Veneman, leading the U.S. delegation, joined other min­ isters and heads of state and government in adopting a Declaration, “The International Alliance Against Hunger,” which reiterated the goals of the 1996 World Food Summit and stated, inter alia, “we are committed to

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Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) ホームページの活用法

Xylan is the second most abundant naturally occurring renewable polysaccharide available on earth. It is a complex heteropolysaccharide consisting of different monosaccharides such as l-arabinose, d-galactose, d-mannoses and organic acids such as acetic acid, ferulic acid, glucuronic acid interwoven together with help of glycosidic and ester bonds. The breakdown of xylan is restricted due to its heterogeneous nature and it can be overcome by xylanases which are capable of cleaving the heterogeneous β-1,4-glycoside linkage. Xylanases are abundantly present in nature (e.g., molluscs, insects and microorganisms) and several microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, yeast, and algae are used extensively for its production. Microbial xylanases show varying substrate specificities and biochemical properties which makes it suitable for various applications in industrial and biotechnological sectors. The suitability of xylanases for its application in food and feed, paper and pulp, textile, pharmaceuticals, and lignocellulosic biorefinery has led to an increase in demand of xylanases globally. The present review gives an insight of using microbial xylanases as an “Emerging Green Tool” along with its current status and future prospective.

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A detailed overview of xylanases: an emerging biomolecule for current and future prospective

Cellulosic and hemicellulosic fractions of sugarcane bagasse: Potential, challenges and future perspective

Effect and characterization of sodium lignosulfonate on alkali pretreatment for enhancing enzymatic saccharification of corn stover

Microbial xylanases have gathered great attention due to their biotechnological potential at industrial scale for many processes. A variety of lignocellulosic materials, such as sugarcane bagasse, rice straw, rice bran, wheat straw, wheat bran, corn cob, and ragi bran, are used for xylanase production which also solved the great issue of solid waste management. Both solid-state and submerged fermentation have been used for xylanase production controlled by various physical and nutritional parameters. Majority of xylanases have optimum pH in the range of 4.0-9.0 with optimum temperature at 30-60 °C. For biochemical, molecular studies and also for successful application in industries, purification and characterization of xylanase have been carried out using various appropriate techniques. Cloning and genetic engineering are used for commercial-level production of xylanase, to meet specific economic viability and industrial needs. Microbial xylanases are used in various biotechnological applications like biofuel production, pulp and paper industry, baking and brewing industry, food and feed industry, and deinking of waste paper. This review describes production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases.

Production, characteristics, and biotechnological applications of microbial xylanases

Optimization of process parameters for xylanase production by Bacillus sp. in submerged fermentation

Effect of alkaline pretreatment on delignification of wheat straw

In this study saccharification of alkali treated wheat straw was optimized by Box–Behnken design using three variables at three levels. FTIR, XRD and Scanning electron microscopy were used to study the morphological and structural changes caused by pretreatment. A 23 factorial design was used for experiments and data was analyzed by second order polynomial regression model. Under optimized condition of 2 % wheat straw, 0.5 % enzyme concentration and 6 h of time period resulted in 40.15 % saccharification of wheat straw. The saccharified material was fermented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae which revealed that 96 h of fermentation period was best for maximum specific growth rate and specific ethanol yield.

Statistical Optimization of Saccharification of Alkali Pretreated Wheat Straw for Bioethanol Production

In this study, sugarcane bagasse (2 mm) was pretreated with 2.5% NaOH followed by steaming at 121°C for various time periods. Maximum cellulose content of 81% and delignification of 68.5% were achi...

Production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse using yeast strains: a kinetic study.

In present study, Leptochloa fusca (Kallar grass) and Gossypium herbarium (cotton stalk) were treated with various concentrations of KOH (1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 and 3%) for different soaking periods (6, 12, 24 and 48 h) to expose maximum cellulosic content. The results showed that maximum cellulose exposure and delignification was increased with the increase in concentration of alkali and soaking time. However, maximum cellulose content (Kallar grass 49.01 ± 0.1%, cotton stalk 56.12 ± 0.1%) was achieved with 2.5% KOH at 24 h and a decline was observed as further increase in concentration of KOH (3%). Moreover, maximum delignification (Kallar grass 66.2%, 62.6 cotton stalk) was observed at 3% KOH after 48 h of soaking period. However, these results showed adverse effect of higher concentration of alkali on holocellulose. The cellulosic content of Kallar grass and cotton stalk after pretreatment at suitable conditions indicated that these substrates could be used as promising substrates for saccharification process to the produced second generation biofuel.

Umar Asghar

Papers

Optimization of process parameters for xylanase production by Bacillus sp. in submerged fermentation

Effect of alkaline pretreatment on delignification of wheat straw

Statistical Optimization of Saccharification of Alkali Pretreated Wheat Straw for Bioethanol Production

Production of bioethanol from sugarcane bagasse using yeast strains: a kinetic study.

Effect of KOH Pretreatment on Lignocellulosic Waste to be Used as Substrate for Ethanol Production