This paper is a review of the remarkable progress that has been made during the past few decades in design, modeling, and fabrication of micromachined resonators. Although micro-resonators have come a long way since their early days of development, they are yet to fulfill the rightful vision of their pervasive use across a wide variety of applications. This is partially due to the complexities associated with the physics that limit their performance, the intricacies involved in the processes that are used in their manufacturing, and the trade-offs in using different transduction mechanisms for their implementation. This work is intended to offer a brief introduction to all such details with references to the most influential contributions in the field for those interested in a deeper understanding of the material.

Micromachined Resonators: A Review

Generalized model for Memristor-based Wien family oscillators

Non linear dynamics of memristor based 3rd order oscillatory system

This paper demonstrates the first third-order autonomous linear time variant circuit realization that enhances parametric oscillation through the usage of memristor in conventional oscillators. Although the output has sustained oscillation, the linear features of the conventional oscillators become time dependent. The poles oscillate in nonlinear behavior due to the oscillation of memristor resistance. The mathematical formulas as well as SPICE simulations are introduced for the memristor-based phase shift oscillator showing a great matching.

/pdf/a-memristor-based-third-order-oscillator-beyond-oscillation-1vxwyr3m7q.pdf

A memristor-based third-order oscillator: beyond oscillation

Oscillators are one of the key elements in various applications as a signal source to generate periodic oscillations. Among them, an optical parametric oscillator (OPO) is a driven harmonic oscillator based on parametric frequency conversion in an optical cavity, which has been widely investigated as a coherent light source with an extremely wide wavelength tuning range. However, steady oscillation in an OPO is confined by the cavity delay, which leads to difficulty in frequency tuning, and the frequency tuning is discrete with the minimum tuning step determined by the cavity delay. Here, we propose and demonstrate a counterpart of an OPO in the optoelectronic domain, i.e., an optoelectronic parametric oscillator (OEPO) based on parametric frequency conversion in an optoelectronic cavity to generate microwave signals. Owing to the unique energy-transition process in the optoelectronic cavity, the phase evolution in the OEPO is not linear, leading to steady single-mode oscillation or multimode oscillation that is not bounded by the cavity delay. Furthermore, the multimode oscillation in the OEPO is stable and easy to realize owing to the phase control of the parametric frequency-conversion process in the optoelectronic cavity, while stable multimode oscillation is difficult to achieve in conventional oscillators such as an optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) or an OPO due to the mode-hopping and mode-competition effect. The proposed OEPO has great potential in applications such as microwave signal generation, oscillator-based computation, and radio-frequency phase-stable transfer. Parametric oscillators are driven harmonic oscillators that widely used in various areas of applications. In the past, parametric oscillators have been designed in the pure optical domain or the electrical domain, which are both delay-controlled oscillators with a steady oscillation confined by the cavity delay. Ming Li from the Chinese Academy of Sciences in Beijing and his colleagues have now developed a brand-new parametric oscillator in the microwave photonics domain, i.e., a hybrid optical-electrical oscillator. Owing to the unique parametric process in the optoelectronics cavity, the oscillation in the optoelectronic parametric oscillator is a phase-controlled operation, leading to a steady oscillation that is not bounded by the cavity delay. Continuously tuneable single frequency oscillation and stable multimode oscillation are produced by the new optoelectronic parametric oscillator, which are hard or even impossible to achieve in traditional delay-controlled oscillators.

/pdf/optoelectronic-parametric-oscillator-gflhz2bwht.pdf

Optoelectronic parametric oscillator

Parametric oscillators have been well studied but currently are not used often. Nevertheless, they could be a low-phase noise solution, at least outside the frequency bandwidth of the resonant circuit. The theoretical aspect of parametric oscillations is briefly reviewed in this paper. Indeed, the basic theory of a simple resistance-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit working in parametric conditions easily can be extended toward a resonant loop that includes a quartz crystal resonator. Then, as an application, this study is transposed to a quartz crystal oscillator that has been modeled and tested as a first prototype. Simulation results are compared with those actually obtained.

/pdf/a-parametric-quartz-crystal-oscillator-4h1e6alty9.pdf

V. Komine

Papers

A parametric quartz crystal oscillator