We give a tutorial review and brief summary of the present status of waveguide electrooptic modulators.

Waveguide Electrooptic Modulators

Development of ion-implanted optical waveguides in optical materials: A review

A platform for the realization of tightly-confined lithium niobate photonic devices and circuits on silicon substrates is reported based on wafer bonding and selective oxidation of refractory metals. The heterogeneous photonic platform is employed to demonstrate high-performance lithium niobate microring optical resonators and Mach-Zehnder optical modulators. A quality factor of ~7.2 × 104 is measured in the microresonators, and a half-wave voltage-length product of 4 V.cm and an extinction ratio of 20 dB is measured in the modulators.

Heterogeneous lithium niobate photonics on silicon substrates

Because photons interact weakly with themselves and experience low decoherence, they are a promising avenue for quantum information science. Theorists show how the temporal modes of single-photon states can form an alphabet for communication across a quantum information network.

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Photon Temporal Modes: A Complete Framework for Quantum Information Science

On-chip integration of quantum optical systems could be a major factor enabling photonic quantum technologies. Unlike the case of electronics, where the essential device is the transistor and the dominant material is silicon, the toolbox of elementary devices required for both classical and quantum photonic integrated circuits is vast. While III-V materials have been shown to host most quantum photonic components, the issues of their intercompatibility, scalability and performance are far from being solved. Therefore, many material platforms are being examined to host the future quantum photonic computers and network nodes. We discuss the pros and cons of several platforms for realizing various elementary devices, compare the current degrees of integration achieved in each platform and review several composite platform approaches.

Material platforms for integrated quantum photonics

We report detailed results on the achievement of very high optical throughput for titanium diffused lithium niobate waveguides coupled between input and output single-mode fibers. By determining appropriate diffusion parameters to obtain excellent dimensional match between the fiber and waveguide modes and simultaneously low propagation loss, we have achieved total measured fiber-waveguide-fiber insertion loss as low as 1 dB for a 1 cm long waveguide at \lambda = 1.32 \mu m. The relative contributions of coupling and propagation loss are determined. Very good correlation is found between the coupling loss and the match between the fiber and waveguide mode dimensions. Design data for diffusion parameters to obtain good mode match for arbitrary fiber dimension are presented.

V. Ramaswamy

Papers

Efficient single-mode fiber to titanium diffused lithium niobate waveguide coupling for λ = 1.32 µm

Low-loss bends for inegrated optics

V. Ramaswamy

Papers

Efficient single-mode fiber to titanium diffused lithium niobate waveguide coupling for &#955; = 1.32 &#181;m

Low-loss bends for inegrated optics

Efficient single-mode fiber to titanium diffused lithium niobate waveguide coupling for λ = 1.32 µm