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Using Multivariate Statistics

Pedagosko i psiholosko testiranje i procjenjivanje spadaju među najvažnije doprinose znanosti o ponasanju nasem drustvu i pružaju temeljna i znacajna poboljsanja u odnosu na ranije postupke. Iako se ne može ustvrditi da su svi testovi dovoljno usavrseni niti da su sva testiranja razborita i korisna, postoji velika kolicina informacija koje ukazuju na ucinkovitost kvalitetnih instrumenata u onim situacijama u kojima je njihovo koristenje potkrijepljeno validacijskim podacima. Pravilna upotreba testova može dovesti do boljih odluka o pojedincima i programima nego sto bi to bio slucaj bez njihovog koristenja, a također i ukazati na put za siri i pravedniji pristup obrazovanju i zaposljavanju. Međutim, losa upotreba testova može dovesti do zamjetne stete nanesene ispitanicima i drugim sudionicima u procesu donosenja odluka na temelju testovnih podataka. Cilj Standarda je promoviranje kvalitetne i eticne upotrebe testova te uspostavljanje osnovice za ocjenu kvalitete postupaka testiranja. Svrha objavljivanja Standarda je uspostavljanje kriterija za evaluaciju testova, provedbe testiranja i posljedica upotrebe testova. Iako bi evaluacija prikladnosti testa ili njegove primjene trebala ovisiti prvenstveno o strucnim misljenjima, Standardi pružaju okvir koji osigurava obuhvacanje svih relevantnih pitanja. Bilo bi poželjno da svi autori, sponzori, nakladnici i korisnici profesionalnih testova usvoje Standarde te da poticu druge da ih također prihvate.

Standards for educational and psychological testing

The measurement of meaning

Evaluating Model Fit

The study reported here examines the English language knowledge and performance of bilingual school children of Middle School age in Britain, in particular their acquisition and use of vocabulary. One of the chief premises of the research is that pupils from bilingual minority ethnic backgrounds suffer a major disadvantage while learning from the National Curriculum because they lack the necessary richness of word knowledge, accompanied by the conceptual frameworks expected in learning subjects such as science and geography. Furthermore, it is believed that by raising awareness among teachers and by the adoption of appropriate methods of vocabulary teaching founded on research, the vocabulary learning of bilingual pupils can be greatly increased. The aim of the study is to identify, describe and evaluate methods of vocabulary instruction currently used and to provide recommendations for suitable methods to be introduced. By means of an action research methodology implemented in a middle school, and with the joint participation of some members of staff and some pupils, classroom data was collected over a two and a half year period from teachers of science, geography and English and their pupils, supplemented with semi-structured interviews with teachers and support staff and conversations with children. These data provided material for a detailed analysis of exactly how individual words develop from first introduction into the pupils’ active vocabulary.

Teaching and Learning Vocabulary

Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis is a way of determining whether test items function differently across subgroups of test takers after controlling for ability level. DIF results are used to evaluate tests' validity arguments. This study uses Rasch measurement to examine the Michigan English Language Assessment Battery listening test for DIF across gender subgroups. After establishing the unidimensionality and local independence of the data, the authors used two methods to test for DIF: (a) a t-test uniform DIF analysis, which showed that two test items displayed substantive DIF, and favored different gender subgroups; and (b) nonuniform DIF analysis, which revealed several test items with significant DIF, many of which favored low-ability male test takers. A possible explanation for gender-ability DIF is that lower ability male test takers are more likely to attempt lucky guesses, particularly on multiple-choice items with unattractive distracters, and that having only two distracters makes th...

An Investigation of Differential Item Functioning in the MELAB Listening Test

A recent review of the literature concluded that Rasch measurement is an influential approach in psychometric modeling. Despite the major contributions of Rasch measurement to the growth of scientific research across various fields, there is currently no research on the trends and evolution of Rasch measurement research. The present study used co-citation techniques and a multiple perspectives approach to investigate 5,365 publications on Rasch measurement between 01 January 1972 and 03 May 2019 and their 108,339 unique references downloaded from the Web of Science (WoS). Several methods of network development involving visualization and text-mining were used to analyze these data: author co-citation analysis (ACA), document co-citation analysis (DCA), journal author co-citation analysis (JCA), and keyword analysis. In addition, to investigate the inter-domain trends that link the Rasch measurement specialty to other specialties, we used a dual-map overlay to investigate specialty-to-specialty connections. Influential authors, publications, journals, and keywords were identified. Multiple research frontiers or sub-specialties were detected and the major ones were reviewed, including "visual function questionnaires", "non-parametric item response theory", "valid measures (validity)", "latent class models", and "many-facet Rasch model". One of the outstanding patterns identified was the dominance and impact of publications written for general groups of practitioners and researchers. In personal communications, the authors of these publications stressed their mission as being "teachers" who aim to promote Rasch measurement as a conceptual model with real-world applications. Based on these findings, we propose that sociocultural and ethnographic factors have a huge capacity to influence fields of science and should be considered in future investigations of psychometrics and measurement. As the first scientometric review of the Rasch measurement specialty, this study will be of interest to researchers, graduate students, and professors seeking to identify research trends, topics, major publications, and influential scholars.

/pdf/a-scientometric-review-of-rasch-measurement-the-rise-and-453mbuibjv.pdf

A Scientometric Review of Rasch Measurement: The Rise and Progress of a Specialty.

Over the past decades, the application of Rasch measurement in language assessment has gradually increased. In the present study, we reviewed and coded 215 papers using Rasch measurement published ...

A comprehensive review of Rasch measurement in language assessment: Recommendations and guidelines for research

Eye tracking technology has become an increasingly popular methodology in language studies. Using data from 27 journals in language sciences indexed in the Social Science Citation Index and/or Scop...

Exploring the frontiers of eye tracking research in language studies: a novel co-citation scientometric review

This article investigates a version of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) listening test for evidence of differential item functioning (DIF) based on gender, nationality, age, and degree of previous exposure to the test. Overall, the listening construct was found to be underrepresented, which is probably an important cause of the observed lack of significant correlation between awarded scores on while-listening performance (WLP) tests and subsequent academic performance. Some short answer items were biased toward higher-ability subgroups, likely due to those test takers' higher ability to apply what they had understood. Finally, some multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with few options likely encouraged attempts at lucky guesses, particularly among low-ability people who had received training in test-taking strategies. Implications for listening assessment and language education are discussed.

/pdf/differential-item-functioning-in-while-listening-performance-57yi2o53ir.pdf

Differential Item Functioning in While-Listening Performance Tests: The Case of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Listening Module

Vahid Aryadoust

Papers

An Investigation of Differential Item Functioning in the MELAB Listening Test

A Scientometric Review of Rasch Measurement: The Rise and Progress of a Specialty.

A comprehensive review of Rasch measurement in language assessment: Recommendations and guidelines for research

Exploring the frontiers of eye tracking research in language studies: a novel co-citation scientometric review

Differential Item Functioning in While-Listening Performance Tests: The Case of the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Listening Module