Electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile industry effluent--a review

Pharmaceutical compounds are typically produced in batch processes leading to the presence of a wide variety of products in wastewaters which are generated in different operations, wherein copious quantities of water are used for washing of solid cake, or extraction, or washing of equipment. The presence of pharmaceutical compounds in drinking water comes from two different sources: production processes of the pharmaceutical industry and common use of pharmaceutical compounds resulting in their presence in urban and farm wastewaters. The wastewaters generated in different processes in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and drugs contain a wide variety of compounds. Further, reuse of water after removal of contaminants, whether pharmaceuticals or otherwise, is required by industry. In view of the scarcity of water resources, it is necessary to understand and develop methodologies for treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater as part of water management. In this review, the various sources of wastewaters in the pharmaceutical industry are identified and the best available technologies to remove them are critically evaluated. Effluent arising from different sectors of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), bulk drugs, and related pharmaceutics, which use large quantities of water, is evaluated and strategies are proposed to recover to a large extent the valuable compounds, and finally the treatment of very dilute but detrimental wastewaters is discussed. No single technology can completely remove pharmaceuticals from wastewaters. The use of conventional treatment methods along with membrane reactors and advanced posttreatment methods resulting in a hybrid wastewater treatment technology appear to be the best. The recommendations provided in this analysis will prove useful for treatment of wastewater from the pharmaceutical industry.

Pharmaceutical Industry Wastewater: Review of the Technologies for Water Treatment and Reuse

A comprehensive review of electrocoagulation for water treatment: Potentials and challenges.

Electrocoagulation process in water treatment: A review of electrocoagulation modeling approaches

Electrocoagulation and advanced electrocoagulation processes: A general review about the fundamentals, emerging applications and its association with other technologies

Comparison of COD removal from pharmaceutical wastewater by electrocoagulation, photoelectrocoagulation, peroxi-electrocoagulation and peroxi-photoelectrocoagulation processes.

Fluoride removal from industrial wastewater using electrocoagulation and its adsorption kinetics.

BACKGROUND: The present study describes an electrocoagulation process for treating laundry waste-water using aluminum plates. The effect of various parameters such pH, voltage, hydraulic retention time (HRT), and number of aluminum plates between the anode and cathode on efficiency of treatment are investigated.



RESULTS: Experimental results showed that by increasing HRT, treatment efficiency increases but beyond 45 min changes are negligible. Among the results for chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphorus, detergent, colour and turbidity, the lowest decrease was found for phosphorus. The larger the HRT, the greater the electrical current needed to achieve constant voltage and temperature in the system. The pH of the influent is a very significant variable which affects the treatment of laundry waste-water considerably, the optimal range being 6.0–8.0. In addition, it was found that the pH increases from 8.3 to more than 10 over the first hour of treatment after which the pH remains relatively constant. Finally, kinetic analysis indicates that the adsorption system obeys a second-order kinetic model.



CONCLUSION: The aluminum hydroxide generated in the cell decreases the concentration of pollutants in laundry waste-water to a permissible level. It is concluded that, compared with other treatment processes, electrocoagulation is more effective in treating laundry waste-water under appropriate conditions. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry

Treatment of laundry waste-water by electrocoagulation

Optimized poly(amidoamine) coated magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbent for the removal of nonylphenol from water

Stabilizing of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer on the surface of sand for the removal of nonylphenol from water: Batch and column studies.

Vahid Khatibikamal

Papers

Comparison of COD removal from pharmaceutical wastewater by electrocoagulation, photoelectrocoagulation, peroxi-electrocoagulation and peroxi-photoelectrocoagulation processes.

Fluoride removal from industrial wastewater using electrocoagulation and its adsorption kinetics.

Treatment of laundry waste-water by electrocoagulation

Optimized poly(amidoamine) coated magnetic nanoparticles as adsorbent for the removal of nonylphenol from water

Stabilizing of poly(amidoamine) dendrimer on the surface of sand for the removal of nonylphenol from water: Batch and column studies.