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A User’s Guide

The demand for petroleum has risen rapidly due to increasing industrialization and modernization of the world. This economic development has led to a huge demand for energy, where the major part of that energy is derived from fossil sources such as petroleum, coal and natural gas. However, the limited reserve of fossil fuel has drawn the attention of many researchers to look for alternative fuels which can be produced from renewable feedstock. Biodiesel has become more attractive because of its environmental benefits and it is obtained from renewable resources. There are four primary methods to make biodiesel: blending, microemulsion, pyrolysis and transesterification. The most commonly used method is the transesterification of triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fats) with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst. There is a growing interest in using Jatropha curcas L. oil as the feedstock for biodiesel production because it is non-edible and thus does not compromise the edible oils, which are mainly used for food consumption. Non-edible oils are not suitable for human consumption because of the presence of toxic components. Further, J. curcas L. seed has a high content of oil and the biodiesel produced has similar properties to that of petroleum-based diesel. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the different approaches and techniques used to generate biodiesel from Jatropha curcas oil. The main factors affecting the biodiesel yield, for example the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst concentration, reaction temperature and reaction time are discussed. Lastly, the environmental considerations and economic aspects of biodiesel are also addressed.

/pdf/a-review-of-biodiesel-production-from-jatropha-curcas-l-oil-198dc8kg92.pdf

A review of biodiesel production from Jatropha curcas L. oil

https://web.ics.purdue.edu/~lqiao/Publications_files/Combustion%20characteristics%20of%20fuel%20droplets%20with%20addition%20of%20nano%20and%20micron-sized%20aluminum%20particles.pdf

Combustion characteristics of fuel droplets with addition of nano and micron-sized aluminum particles

A detailed chemical kinetic model has been used to study dimethyl ether (DME) oxidation over a wide range of conditions. Experimental results obtained in a jet-stirred reactor (JSR) at I and 10 atm, 0.2 < 0 < 2.5, and 800 < T < 1300 K were modeled, in addition to those generated in a shock tube at 13 and 40 bar, 0 = 1.0 and 650 :5 T :5 1300 K. The JSR results are particularly valuable as they include concentration profiles of reactants, intermediates and products pertinent to the oxidation of DME. These data test the Idnetic model severely, as it must be able to predict the correct distribution and concentrations of intermediate and final products formed in the oxidation process. Additionally, the shock tube results are very useful, as they were taken at low temperatures and at high pressures, and thus undergo negative temperature dependence (NTC) behavior. This behavior is characteristic of the oxidation of saturated hydrocarbon fuels, (e.g. the primary reference fuels, n-heptane and iso- octane) under similar conditions. The numerical model consists of 78 chemical species and 336 chemical reactions. The thermodynamic properties of unknown species pertaining to DME oxidation were calculated using THERM.

/pdf/wide-range-modeling-study-of-dimethyl-ether-oxidation-pnag57ojwu.pdf

Wide range modeling study of dimethyl ether oxidation

Modelling of fuel droplet heating and evaporation: Recent results and unsolved problems

/pdf/prediction-of-vapor-liquid-equilibrium-of-ternary-system-at-10ht2rjo6o.pdf

Prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium of ternary system at high pressures

Diffusion and Premixed Flames Related to Fires

Basic Considerations

Two-dimensional numerical investigations of flow characteristics behind a circular cylinder in the presence of a flapping plate mounted in the wake have been carried out in the present study. The flapping frequency of the plate has been varied in the range from 0.6 to 1.4 times the vortex shedding frequency behind single stationary circular cylinder in the presence of a stationary plate. The gap between the cylinder and the plate is considered to be 1D, 2D and 3D. The maximum amplitude of the tip of the plate has been fixed to be 0.3D (D being the diameter of the cylinder) for each of the frequency ratio for fixed value of Reynolds number (Re) equal to 100. The length of the plate has been chosen equal to cylinder diameter. The dynamic effects and the behaviour of vortex shedding behind the cylinders have been studied elaborately. Effect of fixed amplitude and varying frequency ratio of the cylinder on wake flow behaviour has been presented in the form of vorticity contours, lift, drag and Strouhal number (St) plots. The dynamic forces as well as the flow structure behind the plate are found to be modified in the presence of the flapping plate.

/pdf/effect-of-downstream-flapping-plate-on-the-flow-field-2b5uqm3ox9.pdf

Vasudevan Raghavan

Papers

Prediction of vapor-liquid equilibrium of ternary system at high pressures

Diffusion and Premixed Flames Related to Fires

Basic Considerations

Effect of Downstream Flapping Plate on the Flow Field Characteristics behind a Circular Cylinder

Numerical study of characteristics of confined diffusion flames of synthetic gases in coflow and inverse coflow configurations