https://biblio.ugent.be/publication/685594/file/1130605.pdf

Review of Particle Physics

The Pythia program can be used to generate high-energy-physics ''events'', i.e. sets of outgoing particles produced in the interactions between two incoming particles. The objective is to provide as accurate as possible a representation of event properties in a wide range of reactions, within and beyond the Standard Model, with emphasis on those where strong interactions play a role, directly or indirectly, and therefore multihadronic final states are produced. The physics is then not understood well enough to give an exact description; instead the program has to be based on a combination of analytical results and various QCD-based models. This physics input is summarized here, for areas such as hard subprocesses, initial- and final-state parton showers, underlying events and beam remnants, fragmentation and decays, and much more. Furthermore, extensive information is provided on all program elements: subroutines and functions, switches and parameters, and particle and process data. This should allow the user to tailor the generation task to the topics of interest.

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PYTHIA 6.4 Physics and Manual

Missale, Cristina, S. Russel Nash, Susan W. Robinson, Mohamed Jaber, and Marc G. Caron. Dopamine Receptors: From Structure to Function. Physiol. Rev. 78: 189–225, 1998. — The diverse physiological actions of dopamine are mediated by at least five distinct G protein-coupled receptor subtypes. Two D1-like receptor subtypes (D1 and D5) couple to the G protein Gs and activate adenylyl cyclase. The other receptor subtypes belong to the D2-like subfamily (D2 , D3 , and D4) and are prototypic of G protein-coupled receptors that inhibit adenylyl cyclase and activate K+ channels. The genes for the D1 and D5 receptors are intronless, but pseudogenes of the D5 exist. The D2 and D3 receptors vary in certain tissues and species as a result of alternative splicing, and the human D4 receptor gene exhibits extensive polymorphic variation. In the central nervous system, dopamine receptors are widely expressed because they are involved in the control of locomotion, cognition, emotion, and affect as well as neuroendocrine s...

Dopamine Receptors: From Structure to Function

▪ Abstract Neurotransmitter release is mediated by exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the presynaptic active zone of nerve terminals. To support rapid and repeated rounds of release, synaptic vesicles undergo a trafficking cycle. The focal point of the vesicle cycle is Ca2+-triggered exocytosis that is followed by different routes of endocytosis and recycling. Recycling then leads to the docking and priming of the vesicles for another round of exo- and endocytosis. Recent studies have led to a better definition than previously available of how Ca2+ triggers exocytosis and how vesicles recycle. In particular, insight into how Munc18-1 collaborates with SNARE proteins in fusion, how the vesicular Ca2+ sensor synaptotagmin 1 triggers fast release, and how the vesicular Rab3 protein regulates release by binding to the active zone proteins RIM1α and RIM2α has advanced our understanding of neurotransmitter release. The present review attempts to relate these molecular data with physiological results in an emerg...

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The synaptic vesicle cycle

This article reports world averages of measurements of b-hadron, c-hadron, and tau-lepton properties obtained by the Heavy Flavor Averaging Group (HFAG) using results available through the end of 2011. In some cases results available in the early part of 2012 are included. For the averaging, common input parameters used in the various analyses are adjusted (rescaled) to common values, and known correlations are taken into account. The averages include branching fractions, lifetimes, neutral meson mixing parameters, CP violation parameters, parameters of semileptonic decays and CKM matrix elements.

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Averages of b-hadron, c-hadron, and tau-lepton properties as of early 2012

Stimulation of muscarinic receptors in vivo induces dramatic modifications of the subcellular distribution of the m2 muscarinic receptor in striatal interneurons

L’expression du neuropeptide somatostatine (SRIF) est modulee dans la formation hippocampique dans des modeles animaux experimentaux d’epilepsie du lobe temporal (ELT) ; cette modulation pourrait contribuer a la regulation de l’hyperexcitabilite neuronale. Alors que des modifications plastiques des interneurones SRIF avaient ete montrees, le statut des recepteurs au SRIF etait peu connu dans le modele de l’embrasement hippocampique. Une diminution de l’immunomarquage des recepteurs sst2A, associee a une augmentation de celui du SRIF, dans la couche moleculaire externe du gyrus dente a ete observee, l’intensite des changements etant correlee au niveau d’embrasement. Ces resultats suggerent que la diminution de la densite des recepteurs sst2A dans la couche moleculaire externe, dans l’embrasement hippocampique, represente une regulation locale negative des recepteurs due a une exposition chronique au SRIF. Ce phenomene contribuerait a l’hyperexcitabilite des cellules granulaires et ainsi a la genese et/ou a l’amplification de l’intensite des crises.

Plasticité de la somatostatine et du récepteur sst2A dans l’embrasement hippocampique

Photoproduction of neutral and charged pions off nucleons and deuterium has been precisely calculated in baryon chiral perturbation theory. I review the predictions in light of the accurate data that have become available over the last few years. Some progress in the description of neutral pion electroproduction off protons is also discussed.

43 0 v 1 2 2 O ct 1 99 7 New developments in threshold pion photo-and electroproduction

Visual Abstract Fear is an emotional mechanism that helps to cope with potential hazards. However, when fear is generalized, it becomes maladaptive and represents a core symptom of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Converging lines of research show that dysfunction of glutamatergic neurotransmission is a cardinal feature of trauma and stress related disorders such as PTSD. However, the involvement of glutamatergic co-transmission in fear is less well understood. Glutamate is accumulated into synaptic vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). The atypical subtype, VGLUT3, is responsible for the co-transmission of glutamate with acetylcholine, serotonin, or GABA. To understand the involvement of VGLUT3-dependent co-transmission in aversive memories, we used a Pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm in VGLUT3–/– mice. Our results revealed a higher contextual fear memory in these mice, despite a facilitation of extinction. In addition, the absence of VGLUT3 leads to fear generalization, probably because of a pattern separation deficit. Our study suggests that the VGLUT3 network plays a crucial role in regulating emotional memories. Hence, VGLUT3 is a key player in the processing of aversive memories and therefore a potential therapeutic target in stress-related disorders.

https://www.eneuro.org/content/eneuro/early/2023/01/27/ENEURO.0304-22.2023.full.pdf

Absence of VGLUT3 Expression Leads to Impaired Fear Memory in Mice

Striatal cholinergic interneurons (CINs) use acetylcholine (ACh) and glutamate (Glut) to regulate the striatal network since they express vesicular transporters for ACh (VAChT) and Glut (VGLUT3). However, whether ACh and Glut are released simultaneously and/or independently from cholinergic varicosities is an open question. The answer to that question requires the multichannel detection of vesicular transporters at the level of single synaptic vesicle (SV). Here, we used super-resolution STimulated Emission Depletion microscopy (STED) to characterize and quantify the distribution of VAChT and VGLUT3 in CINs SVs. Nearest-neighbor distances analysis between VAChT and VGLUT3-immunofluorescent spots revealed that 34% of CINs SVs contain both VAChT and VGLUT3. In addition, 40% of SVs expressed only VAChT while 26% of SVs contain only VGLUT3. These results suggest that SVs from CINs have the potential to store simultaneously or independently ACh and/or Glut. Overall, these morphological findings support the notion that CINs varicosities can signal with either ACh or Glut or both with an unexpected level of complexity.

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Nanoscopic distribution of VAChT and VGLUT3 in striatal cholinergic varicosities suggests colocalization and segregation of the two transporters in synaptic vesicles

Véronique Bernard

Papers

Stimulation of muscarinic receptors in vivo induces dramatic modifications of the subcellular distribution of the m2 muscarinic receptor in striatal interneurons

Plasticité de la somatostatine et du récepteur sst2A dans l’embrasement hippocampique

43 0 v 1 2 2 O ct 1 99 7 New developments in threshold pion photo-and electroproduction

Absence of VGLUT3 Expression Leads to Impaired Fear Memory in Mice

Nanoscopic distribution of VAChT and VGLUT3 in striatal cholinergic varicosities suggests colocalization and segregation of the two transporters in synaptic vesicles