Intelligent Manufacturing in the Context of Industry 4.0: A Review

“Industrie 4.0” and Smart Manufacturing - A Review of Research Issues and Application Examples

Product design is a highly involved, often ill-defined, complex and iterative process, and the needs and specifications of the required artifact get more refined only as the design process moves toward its goal. An effective computer support tool that helps the designer make better-informed decisions requires efficient knowledge representation schemes. In today's world, there is a virtual explosion in the amount of raw data available to the designer, and knowledge representation is critical in order to sift through this data and make sense of it. In addition, the need to stay competitive has shrunk product development time through the use of simultaneous and collaborative design processes, which depend on effective transfer of knowledge between teams. Finally, the awareness that decisions made early in the design process have a higher impact in terms of energy, cost, and sustainability, has resulted in the need to project knowledge typically required in the later stages of design to the earlier stages. Research in design rationale systems, product families, systems engineering, and ontology engineering has sought to capture knowledge from earlier product design decisions, from the breakdown of product functions and associated physical features, and from customer requirements and feedback reports. VR (Virtual reality) systems and multidisciplinary modeling have enabled the simulation of scenarios in the manufacture, assembly, and use of the product. This has helped capture vital knowledge from these stages of the product life and use it in design validation and testing. While there have been considerable and significant developments in knowledge capture and representation in product design, it is useful to sometimes review our position in the area, study the evolution of research in product design, and from past and current trends, try and foresee future developments. The goal of this paper is thus to review both our understanding of the field and the support tools that exist for the purpose, and identify the trends and possible directions research can evolve in the future.

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The evolution, challenges, and future of knowledge representation in product design systems

The evolution and future of manufacturing: A review

The purpose of this article is to collect and structure the various characteristics, technologies and enabling factors available in the current body of knowledge that are associated with smart manufacturing. Eventually, it is expected that this selection of characteristics, technologies and enabling factors will help compare and distinguish other initiatives such as Industry 4.0, cyber-physical production systems, smart factory, intelligent manufacturing and advanced manufacturing, which are frequently used synonymously with smart manufacturing. The result of this article is a comprehensive list of such characteristics, technologies and enabling factors that are regularly associated with smart manufacturing. This article also considers principles of “semantic similarity” to establish the basis for a future smart manufacturing ontology, since it was found that many of the listed items show varying overlaps; therefore, certain characteristics and technologies are merged and/or clustered. This results in a s...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0954405417736547

Smart manufacturing: Characteristics, technologies and enabling factors:

The task of international standardization of product geometry specification, verification and exchange is shared largely by two ISO committees. One is ISO TC 213, which is charged with the standardization of dimensioning, tolerancing, surface finish and related metrological principles and practices. The origin of this standardization dates back to pre-information age, and much effort in the last 20 years has gone into bringing greater mathematical rigour to this work to make it suitable for the information age. The other committee is ISO TC 184/SC 4, which is charged with the standardization of product data models suitable for exchange among various information systems. This effort, commonly known as STEP, is relatively new and is a product of the information age. This paper describes the current state of the interplay between the efforts of these two ISO committees, research work that was undertaken to meet the goals of their standards and plans to address future challenges.

Standardizing the specification, verification, and exchange of product geometry: Research, status and trends

The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) has just completed a major effort on a new standard ISO 10303-242 titled “Managed Model Based 3D Engineering.” It belongs to a family of standards called STEP (STandard for the Exchange of Product model data). ISO 10303-242 is also called the STEP Application Protocol 242 (STEP AP 242, for short). The intent of STEP AP 242 is to support a manufacturing enterprise with a range of standardized information models that flow through a long and wide “digital thread” that makes the manufacturing systems in the enterprise smart. One such standardized information model is that of tolerances specified on a product’s geometry so that the product can be manufactured according to the specifications. This paper describes the attributes of smart manufacturing systems, the capabilities of STEP AP 242 in handling tolerance information associated with product geometry, and how these capabilities enable the manufacturing systems to be smart.

A Portrait of an ISO STEP Tolerancing Standard as an Enabler of Smart Manufacturing Systems

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A portrait of an ISO STEP tolerancing standard as an enabler of smart manufacturing systems | NIST

ISO/TC 213 is a technical committee that standardizes tolerancing and related metrological practices. During the past five years it has focused its attention on harmonizing and integrating these two areas. In that process it recognized the need for linking these two areas to product functionality and has published a vision for directing its future efforts towards it. This paper presents an integrated view of tolerancing and metrology, and describes the new vision of ISO/TC 213.

An Integrated View of Geometrical Product Specification and Verification

The increasing use of advanced measurement tools and technology in industry over the past 30 years has ushered in a new set of challenging computational problems. These problems can be broadly classified as fitting and filtering of discrete geometric data collected by measurements made on manufactured products. Collectively, they define the field of computational metrology for the design specification, production, and verification of product geometry. The fitting problems can be posed and solved as optimization problems; they involve both continuous and combinatorial optimization problems. The filtering problems can be unified under convolution problems, which include convolutions of functions as well as convolutions of sets. This paper presents the status of research and standardization efforts in computational metrology, with an emphasis on its classification and synthesis.

Vijay Srinivasan

Papers

Standardizing the specification, verification, and exchange of product geometry: Research, status and trends

A Portrait of an ISO STEP Tolerancing Standard as an Enabler of Smart Manufacturing Systems

A portrait of an ISO STEP tolerancing standard as an enabler of smart manufacturing systems | NIST

An Integrated View of Geometrical Product Specification and Verification

Computational metrology for the design and manufacture of product geometry : A classification and synthesis