结节病易误诊,据王洪武等~([1])收集国内18篇关于此病误诊的文献,误诊率高达63.2%,当然有误诊就会有误治,如孙永昌等~([2])报道26例结节病在影像学检查诊断的第一印象中拟诊结核5例,其中就有2例完成规范的抗结核治疗,为此应引起临床对本病诊治的重视。

Sarcoidosis

A 1.1 kb rice genomic DNA fragment, containing a chitinase gene under the control of the CaMV 35S promoter, was cloned into the rice transformation vector pGL2. After transformation of Indica rice protoplasts in the presence of polyethyleneglycol, plants were regenerated. The presence of the chimeric chitinase gene in T0 and T1 transgenic rice plants was detected by Southern blot analysis. Western blot analysis of transgenic plants and their progeny revealed the presence of two proteins with apparent molecular weights of 30 and 35 kDa that reacted with the chitinase antibody. Progeny from the chitinase-positive plants were tested for their resistance to the sheath blight pathogen, Rhizoctonia solani. The degree of resistance displayed by the transgenic plants to this pathogen correlated with the level of chitinase expression.

Genetic engineering of rice for resistance to sheath blight and other agronomic characters

Rabies virus, the prototypical neurotropic virus, causes one of the most lethal zoonotic diseases. According to official estimates, over 55,000 people die of the disease annually, but this is probably a severe underestimation. A combination of virulence factors enables the virus to enter neurons at peripheral sites and travel through the spinal cord to the brain of the infected host, where it often induces aggression that facilitates the transfer of the virus to a new host. This Review summarizes the current knowledge of the replication cycle of rabies virus and virus- host cell interactions, both of which are fundamental elements in our quest to understand the life cycle of rabies virus and the pathogenesis of rabies.

The cell biology of rabies virus: using stealth to reach the brain.

Herein we review our recent efforts in searching for bioactive ligands by enumeration and virtual screening of the unknown chemical space of small molecules. Enumeration from first principles shows that almost all small molecules (>99.9%) have never been synthesized and are still available to be prepared and tested. We discuss open access sources of molecules, the classification and representation of chemical space using molecular quantum numbers (MQN), its exhaustive enumeration in form of the chemical universe generated databases (GDB), and examples of using these databases for prospective drug discovery. MQN-searchable GDB, PubChem, and DrugBank are freely accessible at www.gdb.unibe.ch.

/pdf/exploring-chemical-space-for-drug-discovery-using-the-3s1kstku2w.pdf

Exploring chemical space for drug discovery using the chemical universe database.

Abstract During the last 25 years, a large body of experimental evidence has accumulated from pharmacological intervention studies that suggests an important role for reactive oxygen species in numerous pathophysiological processes. While a variety of chemical mechanisms of reactive oxygen-induced damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA is fairly well understood, the molecular pathology of oxidant stress-induced tissue injury in vivo remains unclear in most cases. Recent advances indicate that the direct destructive potential of reactive oxygen in vivo is limited by the extensive detoxification capacity of most cells and may be restricted to a small fraction of cells exposed to a locally high oxidant stress. However, reactive oxygen species can participate in recruitment of inflammatory cells by upregulation of adhesion molecules and generation of chemotactic factors, and are necessary for protease-mediated cell injury in vivo. Reactive oxygen species can also scavenge other biologically active molecules (e.g., nitric oxide), thereby modulating indirectly their effector cells. In addition to the discussed effects relevant for acute injury, other oxidant stress-induced mechanisms (e.g., DNA modifications) may be relevant in chronic disease states. A solid mechanistic understanding of the role of reactive oxygen species in the overall pathophysiology is critical for providing a rationale for antioxidant therapy and the targeted development of new antioxidant drugs.

Mechanisms of oxidant stress-induced acute tissue injury. controversies, contradictions, and paradoxes

Silicosis — Continued Silicosis is a chronic lung disease associated with the inhalation and pulmonary deposition of dust that contains crystalline silica. Through the Sentinel Event Notification System for Occupational Risks (SENSOR)* program, CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) is assessing practical models for implementing state-based surveillance of silicosis and linking follow-up intervention activities to surveillance reports. From 1989 through 1992, the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) SENSOR program identified silicosis cases through reports of Bureau of Workers' Compensation (BWC) claims, physician reports, and death certificates. The addition in 1993 of hospital discharge reports as an ascertainment source resulted in a substantial increase in the number of silicosis case reports identified annually (Table 1). This report describes the investigation of a case of occupational silicosis in Ohio and summarizes the impact of hospital-based reporting on surveillance for silicosis in Case Report In September 1991, a case report † was sent to ODH by an infectious disease specialist who was treating a 55-year-old sandblaster with advanced silicosis and an associated Mycobacterium kansasii infection § (2). In January 1992, NIOSH and ODH conducted a joint investigation at the worker's place of employment—a metal preparation shop—to evaluate current levels of exposure to respirable crystalline silica and to screen co-workers for silicosis. The investigation detected excessive exposures to respirable crystalline silica (2–5). Chest radiology revealed radiographic abnormalities consistent with pneumoconiosis in four of 16 current and former workers *SENSOR is a program of cooperative agreements with state health departments to develop surveillance and intervention strategies for selected occupational conditions. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health currently supports SENSOR silicosis programs in seven states and Wisconsin). † Case reports should be submitted for persons with a physician's provisional diagnosis of silicosis, a chest radiograph interpreted as consistent with silicosis, or pathologic findings consistent with silicosis (1).

Current trends in

Pityriasis rosea is a common papulo-squamous disorder, which has gained significant importance in the last decade, especially in the context of its possible viral etiology. In this article, we discuss various clinical aspects of the disease, including its typical and atypical forms, differential diagnoses and the current recommendation of treatment strategies. We also briefly highlight recent developments in the research of this interesting disease.

Current trends in pityriasis rosea

Exogenous ochronosis has been described as a complication associated with the use of hydroquinone for skin lightening in dark-skinned individuals, but is now also increasingly recognized as a possible complication of hydroquinone use for treatment of pigmentary disorders such as melasma in fairer-skinned individuals. Diagnosis of this condition is difficult in early cases. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy have been put forward as possible diagnostic aids. It is important that clinicians are aware of this complication of hydroquinone therapy. In this article, we briefly discuss the clinical findings, pitfalls in diagnosis, etiopathogenesis and possible treatment options of this difficult-to-treat condition.

Exogenous ochronosis: a review for clinicians

Gianotti–Crosti syndrome (GCS) consists of a sudden eruption of small papules or papulovesicles over the face, buttock and extensor surfaces of limbs, generalized lymphadenopathy and acute nonicteric hepatitis in young children. Most early cases were caused by hepatitis B virus. Adults could also suffer from GCS. Other viruses may now be more pertinent than hepatitis B virus. The authors no longer need lymphadenopathy or hepatitis to make a diagnosis. The disease is self-limiting. Complications are uncommon. The inclusion and exclusion criteria of studies in GCS are nonuniform, rendering low homogeneity of study subjects. A validated diagnostic criteria would allow subjects in all studies more homogenous so that valid meta-analyses and systemic reviews can be performed. Data from subjects with GCS seen in specialist settings only might be biased. Recruitment in primary care settings with specifically trained primary care physicians and application of a valid and standardized diagnostic criteria might be c...

Vijay Zawar

Papers

Current trends in

Current trends in pityriasis rosea

Exogenous ochronosis: a review for clinicians

The epidemiology, etiology and Chuh and Zawar’s diagnostic criteria of Gianotti–Crosti syndrome

An unusual plaque on the nose