The unique genetic phenomena responsible for inherited sterility (IS) in Lepidoptera and some other arthropods, as compared with full sterility, provide advantages for pest control. Lepidopteran females are usually more sensitive to radiation than males of the same species. This allows the radiation dose to be adjusted to suit programme requirements. When partially sterile males mate with wild females, the radiation-induced deleterious effects are inherited by the F1 generation. As a result, egg hatch is reduced and the resulting offspring are both highly sterile and predominately male. Compared with the high radiation required to achieve full sterility in Lepidoptera, the lower dose of radiation used to induce F1 sterility increases the quality and competitiveness of the released insects as measured by improved dispersal after release, increased mating ability, and superior sperm competition. F1 sterile progeny produced in the field enhance the efficacy of released partially sterile males, and improve compatibility with other pest control strategies. In addition, F1 sterile progeny can be used to increase the production of natural enemies, and to study the potential host and geographical ranges of exotic lepidopteran pests.

Inherited Sterility in Insects

Chemical insecticides have been commonly used to control agricultural pests, termites, and biological vectors such as mosquitoes and ticks. However, the harmful impacts of toxic chemical insecticides on the environment, the development of resistance in pests and vectors towards chemical insecticides, and public concern have driven extensive research for alternatives, especially biological control agents such as fungus and bacteria. In this review, the mode of infection of Metarhizium fungus on both terrestrial and aquatic insect larvae and how these interactions have been widely employed will be outlined. The potential uses of Metarhizium anisopliae and Metarhizium acridum biological control agents and molecular approaches to increase their virulence will be discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2309-608X/3/2/30/pdf

Mode of Infection of Metarhizium spp. Fungus and Their Potential as Biological Control Agents.

Cassava is a major staple, bio-energy and industrial crop in many parts of the developing world. In Southeast Asia, cassava is grown on >4 million ha by nearly 8 million (small-scale) farming households, under (climatic, biophysical) conditions that often prove unsuitable for many other crops. While SE Asian cassava has been virtually free of phytosanitary constraints for most of its history, a complex of invasive arthropod pests and plant diseases has recently come to affect local crops. We describe results from a region-wide monitoring effort in the 2014 dry season, covering 429 fields across five countries. We present geographic distribution and field-level incidence of the most prominent pest and disease invaders, introduce readily-available management options and research needs. Monitoring work reveals that several exotic mealybug and (red) mite species have effectively colonised SE Asia's main cassava-growing areas, occurring in respectively 70% and 54% of fields, at average field-level incidence of 27 ± 2% and 16 ± 2%. Cassava witches broom (CWB), a systemic phytoplasma disease, was reported from 64% of plots, at incidence levels of 32 ± 2%. Although all main pests and diseases are non-natives, we hypothesise that accelerating intensification of cropping systems, increased climate change and variability, and deficient crop husbandry are aggravating both organism activity and crop susceptibility. Future efforts need to consolidate local capacity to tackle current (and future) pest invaders, boost detection capacity, devise locally-appropriate integrated pest management (IPM) tactics, and transfer key concepts and technologies to SE Asia's cassava growers. Urgent action is needed to mobilise regional as well as international scientific support, to effectively tackle this phytosanitary emergency and thus safeguard the sustainability and profitability of one of Asia's key agricultural commodities. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.

Emerging pests and diseases of South-east Asian cassava: a comprehensive evaluation of geographic priorities, management options and research needs.

Aqueous extracts of 36 plant species were screened for antibacterial activity against Erwinia carotovora pv carotovora, Xanthomonas camprestris pv capestris and Pseudomonas solanacearum. Twenty-one of the plant species showed antibacterial activity, with Allium cepa, A. porrum, A. sativum, Euphorbia tirucalli, and Piper betel being active against all test pathogens.

Antibacterial activity of medicinal plants from the philippines

Evaluation of population suppression by irradiated Lepidoptera and their progeny

Objective. This study assessed the species composition of mosquitoes collected from ovitraps in selected public schools of Metro Manila, Philippines.
Materials and Methods. Ovitraps were installed from November 2013 to February 2014, in purposively selected public elementary and high schools of Metro Manila. Ovitraps were installed inside classrooms and collected weekly and examined for mosquito eggs and larvae. Speciation was done once a month from November 2013 to February 2014. All positive paddles were immersed in water for larval emergence, reared to fourth instars and were identified using taxonomic keys.
Results. A total of 1,482 ovitraps were installed in the selected public schools, and 18,325 larvae were collected from elementary schools, while 16,670 larvae were collected from high schools.The mean ovitrap index or infestation rate was 49.69% during the period of data collection. Mosquito larvae were identified as Aedes aegypti (88.94%) and Aedes albopictus (11.06%). Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus coexisted in some of the examined paddles. No significant differences were observed between the type of school and the presence of Aedes larvae. Significant differences were observed between total number of mosquito larvae and months of collection.
Conclusion. The presence of Aedes mosquitoes in schools evidently shows that continuous vector surveillance in schools is necessary as this information will help in the formulation of proactive vector control activities, thereby preventing the occurrence of mosquito-borne diseases.

/pdf/a-survey-of-mosquito-species-in-public-schools-of-metro-4mphvpqmh8.pdf

A Survey of Mosquito Species in Public Schools of Metro Manila, Philippines Using Ovitraps as Surveillance Tool

The importance of fungal attack to acarina has been observed but not yet on Tetranychus kanzawai . When infected mite, either within in a same  species or even in a different  species of  entomopathigenic probably  have  similar signs and simptoms to mites.  Characteristic of entomopathogenic fungus to Tetranychus kanza-wai was investigated. Three selected isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae , from Philippines and Indonesia were evaluated. The following aspects were investigated: (1) Bioassay tes of virulence, (2) Koch Postulate and (3) Infection process on each fungus against mite. Virulence of  Metarhizium anisopliae was 1.4 X 10 3 , 7.2 X 10 2 , 5 X 10 2  PIB per ml on Ma4, Ma5 and Ma6, respectively. On Koch Postulates, Reinoculation and reisolation of all seven isolates from infected T. kanzawai showed definite signs of infection. This demonstrated its entomopathogenic capacity. In this experiment, adult mites were sprayed with 10 8 per ml concentrations of conidia observed under light microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result found  T. kanzawai was very susceptible to three isolates M . anisopliae . In the end of the trials, fungal growth was detectable as early as 2 until 4 days of observation. Infection process with microphoto-graph and Scanning Electro Microscopy showed attachment, germination and penetration, extrusion and conidiogenesis fungal form. Keywords: Infection, Tetranychus kanzawai , Metarhizium anisopliae , Light micros-copy, Scanning Electro Microscopy (SEM) Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE

https://agrivita.ub.ac.id/index.php/agrivita/article/download/180/558

INFECTION PROCESS OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI Metarhizium anisopliae IN THE Tetranychus kanzawai (KISHIDA) (TETRANYCHIDAE: ACARINA)

The mango leafhopper Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) from the Philippines is parasitized bytwo genera of Strepsiptera, Halictophagus and Callipharixenos. A redescription of the male Halictophagus fulmeki (Hofeneder), a new record and description of its conspecific female and a key to Halictophagus in the Philippines aregiven, and a new species of female, Callipharixenos philippines sp. n. is described. The inclusion of the family Callipharixenidae as a subfamily Callipharixeninae within the family Halictophagidae is discussed.

An unusual occurrence of multiparasitism by two genera of Strepsiptera (Insecta) in a mango leafhopper Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Philippines.

In this article we report the results of experiments conducted with Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) to determine the effects of a substerilizing dose of gamma radiation (100 Gy) on the mating competitiveness of treated males and the effect on the mating propensity of females with which they mate. Mating competitiveness of treated and untreated male moths was measured at two different release ratios inside field-cages in a cabbage field. A 1?:1/ and a 4?:1/ ratio were used while keeping a constant density of moths per cage. The mean number of matings recorded was not significantly different at either ratio, suggesting that treated males of this species are equally as competitive as their untreated counterparts. In the mating propensity studies, virgin female H. armigera were first mated to treated or untreated males and then re-exposed to untreated males 24 hours later. No statistical differences were found in the number of females that re-mated from either group. Thirty point eight percent of the females first mated with treated males and 29.17% of the females first mated to untreated males re-mated in this study. When both types of females were re-exposed to untreated males in the same field-cage, a higher percentage (38.3%) of females that had initially mated with a treated male re-mated than those initially mated with a untreated male (31.7%), although the differences were not significant.

EFFECT of A substerilizing dose of radiation on the mating competitiveness of male and ON THE mating propensity of female HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Virginia R. Ocampo

Papers

A Survey of Mosquito Species in Public Schools of Metro Manila, Philippines Using Ovitraps as Surveillance Tool

INFECTION PROCESS OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI Metarhizium anisopliae IN THE Tetranychus kanzawai (KISHIDA) (TETRANYCHIDAE: ACARINA)

An unusual occurrence of multiparasitism by two genera of Strepsiptera (Insecta) in a mango leafhopper Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in the Philippines.

EFFECT of A substerilizing dose of radiation on the mating competitiveness of male and ON THE mating propensity of female HELICOVERPA ARMIGERA (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Transmission effect of entomopathogenic fungi on population of Tetanychus kanzawai (Kishida) (Tetranychidae: Acarina).