Showing papers in "Agrivita : Journal of Agricultural Science in 2013"
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of BioField Energy applied to two separate crops under typical growing conditions, namely ginseng and organic blueberry in commercial plantings in Wisconsin and California, was tested.
Abstract: This study tested the Null Hypothesis for the effect of BioField Energy applied to two separate crops under typical growing conditions, namely ginseng and organic blueberry in commercial plantings in Wisconsin and California, respectively. Following treatment to replicated plots in standard experimental design, data were collected at harvest for yield quantity and quality. Ginseng plants treated both pre-harvest and a combination of pre- and post-harvest showed market grade increases of 33.3% and 40.0%, respectively. Point of sale gross return for this crop is dependent upon tuber quality, and from these data the economics of these treatments were calculated. Based on stand adjusted yields and quality values, a combination of pre- and postharvest treatment increased gross income by 57.4%. The second crop showed similar trends in positive responses. In the two blueberry varieties studied, Emerald treated plants showed 96% statistical increase in yield, while Jewel showed 31% increase. At the time of treatment, each variety was in a different stage of flowering. The Emerald variety was in the flowering stage, and Jewel was predominately in the fruiting stage. Both treated cultivars however demonstrated increased yield quantity and quality. The specific mechanisms that lead to these preliminary results need further investigation.
183 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a critical study on corn (Zea mays ) plant with a non linear approach, as it is slowly growth rate at the initial stage of the cycle, followed by a rapid growth stage to a critical point then the height growth rate began to decline, reaching to a stability phase.
Abstract: This paper is about a critical study on corn ( Zea mays ) plant with a non linear approach, as it is slowly growth rate at the initial stage of the cycle, followed by a rapid growth stage to a critical point then the height growth rate began to decline, reaching to a stability phase. The purpose of this research is to develope such a model to fit the height growth of corn ( Zea mays ) plant given microbe combination of Ochrobactrum sp .and Bacillus megatirium treatment; besides, to compare the plant absolute growth rate model between plant with microbe and non microbe treatment . A simple sigmoid model is preffered as it is easier to interpret the parameters biologically. The result shows that Logistic model is better fit in describing the height growth compare to Gompertz model, as it yields coefficient of determination is more than 99%. This model shows that the maximum height growth rate happens in about 40 day after planting. Based on the model, it showed that the absolute growth rate tend to be bell-shaped and right-skewed for Logistic and Gompertz respectively. Keywords : corn, Gompertz, height, Logistic, microbe
12 citations
TL;DR: This research has confirmed that AMF has high interaction with organic carbon, organic matter, total phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, water level, soil fungi and soil bacteria.
Abstract: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are ubiquitous organism that forms association with the root of most terrestrial plants. AMF association also influence soil fertility through the enhancement of chemical, biological and physical content. In this study, we enumerated AMF spores from rhizosphere of Tithonia difersivolia as an indicator of soil fertility. The results showed that the most fertile soil had the highest AMF spores density. This research has confirmed that AMF has high interaction with organic carbon, organic matter, total phosphorus, cation exchange capacity, water level, soil fungi and soil bacteria. Partial regression analysis revealed the mathematic equation for their interaction. This equation used the abundant of AMF spores as an indicator for chemical, biological and physical fertility of the soil.
12 citations
TL;DR: The results showed that the single application of Pseudomonas fluorescens or combined application of Streptomyces sp .
Abstract: One of the common problems hampering the cultivation of potatoes in middle latitude is the presence of bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum commonly known to cause wilt disease, by which crop failure might be caused when serious attack occurs. The objectives of the research were to obtain the application of antagonistic microbes to inhibit the wilt disease caused by R.solanacearum and to increase the growth and yield of potato in middle latitude. The research was conducted from July to October 2012. Antagonistic microbes were used in this research to inhibit the bacterial wilt disease caused by R.solanacearum on potato planted in Bumiaji, Batu. Trichoderma viride, Streptomyces sp. and Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates were selected to be applied as treatments either singly or in combination. Randomised block design was applied on the treatment group with three replications. The results showed that the single application of Pseudomonas fluorescens or combined application of Streptomyces sp . and Trichodermaviride + Streptomycessp . was capable of extending incubation period 4 to 7 days and reducing disease incidence 44.85% - 50.09%, reducing disease intensity up to 61.23 - 72.77%, reducing the population R.solanacearum up to 7.28 - 97.88%, increasing the number of leaves and the marketable yield as much as 67.96 - 81.98%. Keywords: control, Ralstonia solanacearum , antagonistic microbes, middle latitude
11 citations
TL;DR: The objective of this study was to explore the increasing production of local rambutan and to identify the promising phytochemical compounds on its peel as phytopharmaca candidate against obesity.
Abstract: Rambutan is a tropical fruit that grow well in Indonesia and the peel is considered as waste. Many researchers’ showed that rambutan peel contains polyphenol that could be expected to avoid obesity. The objective of this study was to explore the increasing production of local rambutan and to identify the promising phytochemical compounds on its peel as phytopharmaca candidate against obesity. Survey was conducted on the production of rambutan, potential plantation area, and marketing. Sample of rambutan peel collected from the sub-district Kanigoro, Blitar. Phytochemical compounds were analyzed using TLC, HPLC and FT-IR. Bioassay analysis used obesity rat models. The survey result showed a mean of rambutan production increased 2,6% in 2007-2012. Average production of rambutan 70-120 kg/tree. Vegetative multiplication usually done to maintenance of rambutan quality. The main compound of Rambutan peel extract (RPE) is flavonoids, tannins, ellagic acid and the major functional group of CH 3 , aliphatic CH 3 , and C=O. These compounds have a potential activity against obesity. RPE 30 mg/kgBW dose was significantly inhibit the weight gain of obese rats and reducing the adipocyte size (p<0.05). Key words: potency, production, local rambutan, blitar, obesity
9 citations
TL;DR: Results of this study implies that the application of mycorrhiza into soil amended with organic matter is promising to sustain soil productivity under soybean cropping system.
Abstract: The experiment tested four treatments, namely inoculation of soil with mycorrhiza, inoculation of soil with mycorrhiza and cattle manure, inoculation of soil with mycorrhiza and rock phosphate, and inoculation of soil with mycorrhiza and inorganic fertilizers. Soil without any inoculation was provided as control. The treatments were arranged in a Completely Randomized Design with four replications. Soil fertility status was based on the concentrations of N, P, K, and organic-C as well as soil pH. Plant performance was determined based on its ability to uptake nutrients (N, P, K, and Ca), its growth and yield. Then, the activity of mycorrhiza was measured based on total population and percentage of root infection. Overall, results of the present study showed that, compared with other treatments, inoculation of mycorrhiza into soil and amended with cattle manure significantly performed higher concentrations of N, P, K, and organic-C. This soil condition caused soybean to absorb significantly higher nutrients, grew well with higher yield compared with plant performance in other treatments. Therefore, results of this study implies that the application of mycorrhiza into soil amended with organic matter is promising to sustain soil productivity under soybean cropping system.
8 citations
TL;DR: In this experiment, adult mites were sprayed with 10 8 per ml concentrations of conidia observed under light microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and T. kanzawai was very susceptible to three isolates M .
Abstract: The importance of fungal attack to acarina has been observed but not yet on Tetranychus kanzawai . When infected mite, either within in a same species or even in a different species of entomopathigenic probably have similar signs and simptoms to mites. Characteristic of entomopathogenic fungus to Tetranychus kanza-wai was investigated. Three selected isolates of Metarhizium anisopliae , from Philippines and Indonesia were evaluated. The following aspects were investigated: (1) Bioassay tes of virulence, (2) Koch Postulate and (3) Infection process on each fungus against mite. Virulence of Metarhizium anisopliae was 1.4 X 10 3 , 7.2 X 10 2 , 5 X 10 2 PIB per ml on Ma4, Ma5 and Ma6, respectively. On Koch Postulates, Reinoculation and reisolation of all seven isolates from infected T. kanzawai showed definite signs of infection. This demonstrated its entomopathogenic capacity. In this experiment, adult mites were sprayed with 10 8 per ml concentrations of conidia observed under light microscope and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). The result found T. kanzawai was very susceptible to three isolates M . anisopliae . In the end of the trials, fungal growth was detectable as early as 2 until 4 days of observation. Infection process with microphoto-graph and Scanning Electro Microscopy showed attachment, germination and penetration, extrusion and conidiogenesis fungal form. Keywords: Infection, Tetranychus kanzawai , Metarhizium anisopliae , Light micros-copy, Scanning Electro Microscopy (SEM) Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
8 citations
TL;DR: Treatment of biochar could to increase soil pH, total N, and exchangable P (Bray I) though not significant, and significant in increasing the exchangables K compared to controls, and on the growth of rice plants giving biochar can increase plant height, number of tillers and number of panicles.
Abstract: The main constraint in the management of peatlands include: high soil acidity, very low of nutrient availability especially NPK. The study aimed to determine the role of biochar to improve soil properties and paddy growth in peatlands. The study conducted in Landasan Ulin rural, Gambut district, Banjar regency, South Kalimantan. The study was conducted from June to October 2012. Research arranged in a randomized block design, with three replications. The treatment given was a combination of the type and dose of ameliorant i.e. the 3 types of ameliorant: F1 (50% purun tikus grass + 50% agricultural weed), F2 (16.7% chicken manure + biochar 83.3%), F3 (9% chicken manure + 91% purun tikus grass), with a dose of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 t ha -1 and control. The results showed that treatment of biochar could to increase soil pH, total N, and exchangable P (Bray I) though not significant, and significant in increasing the exchangable K compared to controls. On the growth of rice plants giving biochar can increase plant height, number of tillers and number of panicles compared to controls. Key words: biochar, improve of soil properties, peat, growth, paddy
8 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the carbon stocks in several land use systems within the Jangkok watershed, and assessed the contribution of agroforestry systems in maintaining carbon stocks and reducing emissions.
Abstract: Agroforestry systems under rules of community-based forest management support local livelihoods in the Jangkok watershed, Lombok Island. One of the conditions from the forest authoritiesfor allowing agroforestry system is that it should maintain forest conditions. Since 1995 the Jangkok watershed has undergone rapid land use change, especially in the forest area. These changes led to a reduction of carbon stocks and thus to emission of CO 2 . This research aimed to: (1) Measure the carbon stocks in several land use system within the Jangkok watershed, (2) Assess the contribution of agroforestry systems in maintaining carbon stocks and reducing emissions. The assesment was performed based on the RaCSA (Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal) method using three phases: (1) Classify land use change applying TM5 Landsat Satellite images for the period 1995-2009, (2) Measure carbon stock in the main land uses identified, (3) Quantify the contribution of agroforestry practices. Results showed that (1) The total amount of carbon stock at Jangkok watershed (19,088ha) was 3.69 Mt (193 Mg ha -1 ); about 23% of this stock found in the agroforestry systems (32% of the area),(2) Gross CO 2 emission from the Jangkok watershed was 8.41 Mg ha -1 yr -1 , but due to the net gain in agroforestry of 2.55 Mg ha -1 yr -1 the net emission became 5.86 Mg ha -1 yr -1 Keywords: agroforestry, carbon stocks, carbon emission rate
7 citations
TL;DR: In this article, Nassar and Huehn, Kang, Fox, and Thennarasu compared nonparametric stability measures, and to identify promising high yield and stability of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes in eight environments.
Abstract: The objectives of this study were to compare nonparametric stability measures, and to identify promising high yield and stability of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) genotypes in eight environments. In every environment, a Randomized Complete Block Design was used with three replications. The method of Nassar and Huehn, Kang, Fox, and Thennarasu was used to analyze the stability and high yield. Spearman's correlation and Principal Component analysis distinguishes the methods based on two different concepts of stability: the static (biological) and dynamic (agronomic) concepts. The top method was found to be the dynamic stability. Meanwhile, the methods of Si 1 , Si 2 , Si 3 , Si 6 , Npi 1 , NPi 2 , NPi 3 and NPi 4 were found to be the static stability. Based on the ranking frequency stability of the nonparametric method, the genotypes with the highest frequency of static stability ranking were genotypes IPB002003, IPB002046, IPB009019 and Tit Super, whereas IPB009002 and Tombak were categorized as those of dynamic stability. Genotype IPB120005 and IPB019015 were less adaptable in the multiple environments tested. It shows that the genotypes were specific in certain environments. IPB120005 had high yield and specific location in Boyolali in dry season and IPB019015 genotype was specific in Bogor in wet season.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of plant species diversity on C- stocks, and the characteristics of land use system s based on their similar ity was analyzed. But the authors only focused on the impact of plant diversity on the C- stock in the area around Jangkok watershed.
Abstract: The area around Jangkok watershed has changed, dividing it into some land use systems. This research aimed to study the effect of plant species diversity on C- stocks, and to analyse the characteristics of land use system s based on their similar ity . The observations were carried out on 18 plots representing six land use systems in Jangkok watershed (Lombok Island) i.e. primary forest (PF), disturbed forest (DF), Mahogany - woodlot (MW), candlenut - agroforestry (CA), multistrata - agroforestry (MA), and simple - agroforestry (SA). The species diversity level was measured using Shannon-Weiner diversity index , while C- stocks according to the method of RaCSA ( Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal ) . Results showed that forest conversion to agricultural land use s reduced the number and density of the species , average w ood density and tree basal area . The PF represented the highest biodiversity index (3.46), while the other land uses were categorised in medium and low. Largest C-stock was found in PF and in (30 years old) of MW average d of 500 Mg ha - 1 , while the lowest was in S A of 68 Mg ha - 1 , while in other land uses wa s 219 Mg ha - 1 . The quantity of C- stock was not related to species diversity and its density , but closely related (p of tree (R 2 =0.84), basal area of all sizes tree (R 2 =0.86), and with the basal area of big trees ( diameter > 30 cm ) (R 2 =0.71). Based on the number and species density, agroforestry system ( MA and CA ) resembled the characteristics of natural forest ( DF and PF ) . /spanEN-GBspan style=
TL;DR: In this article, the effectiveness of bio-fertilizer "M-Star" in increasing land productivity, growth of sweet corn and the efficiency of inorganic fertilizer used in acid sulphate soil of swampland.
Abstract: This research aims to test the effectiveness of biofertilizer “M-Star” in increasing land productivity, growth of sweet corn and the efficiency of inorganic fertilizer used in acid sulphate soil of swampland. Research was conducted from May – July, 2012 in acid sulphate soil of Barambai, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan. The treatments involved (B1) Biofertilizer 25 kg/ha, (B2) Biofertilizer 15 kg/ha, (P1) NPK (recommendation dose), (P2) NPK (1/2 recommendation dose), (B1P1) Biofertilizer 25 kg/ha + NPK (recommended dose), (B1P2) Biofertilizer 25 kg/ha + NPK (1/2 recommended dose), (B2P1) Biofertilizer 15 kg/ha + NPK (recommended dose), (B2P2) Biofertilizer 15 kg/ha + NPK (1/2 recommended dose), and (K) No fertilizer. The treatments were arranged by randomized completely block design with 3 replications. Recommended dose of NPK fertilizer was at 90-60-50 NPK kg/ha. Observations were conducted on soil pH, soil and plant nutrients, growth of sweet corn (plant height and biomass weight), and microbial population. Research results showed that 15 kg/ha biofertilizer “M-Star” combined with inorganic NPK fertilizer could increase soil nutrients and sweet corn growth. This biofertilizer also increased the efficiency of inorganic fertilizer by 50%. Keywords: biofertilizer, sweet corn, swampland Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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TL;DR: In this paper, a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications was used to reduce application of N inorganic fertilizer through combination of inorganic-organic N and EM4 on eggplant has done on paddy field in Poncokusumo, Malang Regency, East Java from June to September 2013.
Abstract: A research to reduce application of N inorganic fertilizer through combination of inorganic-organic N and EM4 on eggplant has done on paddy field in Poncokusumo, Malang Regency, East Java, from June to September 2013. The e xperiment used a randomized complete block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was the combination of inorganic- organic N fertilizer, ie. 100% urea , 75% urea + 25% goat manure , 50% urea + 50% goat manure, and 25% urea + 75% goat manure . The second factor was dose of EM4, ie. 10, 20, and 30 liters EM4 ha -1 . The results showed a reduction in the proportion of urea up to 50% and replace it with goat manure resulted growth and fruit yield of eggplant better than the others. The application of 100% u rea gave the lowest fruit yield . Application of EM4 on eggplant enhance d growth and increased fruit yield. EM4 application with doses of 30 liters ha -1 resulted the highest fruit yield , accelerate the decomposition and mineralization of N. Keywords: eggplant, urea, goat manure, EM4, decomposition Normal 0 false false false EN-US JA X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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TL;DR: Pseudomonas P19 could control the disease on potato with delaying incubation period of 78.95%, suppressing disease intensity of 51.57%, decreasing final pathogenic population of 99.74%, and inducing plant resistance with increasing saponin, tannin, and glycoside content, however, the antagonist could not increase growth and yield of potato.
Abstract: The research objective was to know ability of antagonistic microbes to control bacterial wilt on potato in the field. This research was carried out at Serang Village, Karangreja Subdistrict, Purbalingga Regency from June up to August 2012. The antagonist, originally isolated from potato field, was Bacillus sp. B2 and B4, and Pseudomonas sp. P19 and P20. Based on the research result, Pseudomonas P19 could control the disease on potato with delaying incubation period of 78.95%, suppressing disease intensity of 51.57%, decreasing final pathogenic population of 99.74%, and inducing plant resistance with increasing saponin, tannin, and glycoside content. However, the antagonist could not increase growth and yield of potato.
TL;DR: Investigating both direct and indirect impacts, and heritability values of characters regarding the potential of corn production and resistance to downy mildew found that the stomata density found on lower surface of the leaves was directly and positively correlated to the intensity of attack by downy Mildew, which was used as criteria selection in downY mildew-resistance.
Abstract: This research was aimed at investigating both direct and indirect impacts, and heritability values of characters regarding the potential of corn production and resistance to downy mildew. The result of this investigation is required to determine some criteria taken into account for selection process of downy mildew-resistant corn breeding with high yield. The field experiment was conducted at Research Centre of Agriculture Faculty, Brawijaya University from January to April 2012. Five varieties of hybrid crown and five inbreeding lines were employed, and Randomised Block Design was applied with two replications. As observed, the characters held heritability ranging from average to high, except for heritability of length and width of stomata on the lower surface of the leaves which was categorised as low. Moreover, the stomata density found on lower surface of the leaves was directly and positively correlated to the intensity of attack by downy mildew, which, then, was used as criteria selection in downy mildew-resistance. The intensity of disease and the density of the stomata on lower surface of the leaves accounted for direct and negative correlation to corn production, while the length and diameter of corncob was responsible for direct and positive correlation to corn production. The betterment of corn production can be coped by improving the plant resistance to downy mildew and characters of corncob diameter. Keywords: path-analysis, corn, downy mildew
TL;DR: Results indicate that Xoo pathotype groups in South and Southeast Sulawesi are varied and tend to sift to more virulent pathotypes.
Abstract: Bacterial leaf blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. o ryzae (Xoo) is an important rice disease, and has caused significant economic losses. This research aimed to determine the pathotype grouping and the distribution of Xoo isolates of South and Southeast Sulawesi. In order to obtain the information, 61 Xoo isolates of South Sulawesi and 29 isolates of Southeast Sulawesi were evaluated for their pathotype grouping against 5 diffential varieties. Research results showed that in South Sulawesi there were 2 pathotype groups, namely pathotype IV (32.79%) and pathotype VIII(67.21%). Pathotype VIII was widely distributed over the Western and Central areas of South Sulawesi, whereas pathotype IV was widely distributed over the Southern area. In Southeast Sulawesi, it was found 5 pathotypes, namely pathotypes IV (27.58%), VI (10.34%), VIII (13.79%), IX (20.68%), and X (27.58%), with a limited and scattered distribution pattern on several areas. These results indicate that Xoo pathotype groups in South Sulawesi and Southeast Sulawesi are varied and tend to sift to more virulent pathotypes. Keywords: bacterial leaf blight, pathotype group, Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
TL;DR: A polybag experiment to study the influence of N, K, and micronutrients B, Fe, Zn and the curcumin content in temulawak was conducted in Malang from February - September 2012.
Abstract: A polybag experiment to study the influence of N, K, and micronutrients B, Fe, Zn and the curcumin content in temulawak was conducted in Malang from February – September 2012. Using RBD, 8 treatments (P1 Inseptisol, without fertilizer, P2 Inseptisol 300 urea kg.ha -1 , P3 Inseptisol 200 KCl kg.ha -1 , P4 Inseptisol 300 kg.ha -1 and 200 kg.ha -1 urea and KCl, P5 Alfisol, without fertilizer, P6 Alfisol 300 urea kg.ha -1 , P7 Alfisol 200 KCl kg.ha -1 , P8 Alfisol 300 kg.ha -1 and 200 kg.ha -1 urea and KCl in 3 replications. The micronutrients in vitro applied RCD by 4 treatments (MS medium, MS without B, Fe and Zn) in 10 replications. The results of experiment showed that dry weight of rhizome per plant in Inseptisol and Alfisol is 30.98 and 9.75 g, content of curcumin 6 month after planting was 3.60 and 4.72%. The highest rhizome weight of 8 months after planting was a combination of N and K of Inseptisol (48.28) and Alfisol (35.75 g per plant).The highest content of curcumin 6 months after planting was on Alfisol (7.99%) and Inseptisol (6.7%) by 200 KCl kg.ha -1 .The curcumin content in complete media was higher than that without B, Fe and Zn i.e. 6.26 compared with 1.86–2.39%. Keywords : temulawak (Curcuma xanthorriza Roxb. Synm. Curcuma javanica ), N, K, B, Fe, Zn, curcumin content Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE /* Style Definitions */
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TL;DR: The results suggest that all bacterial strains are potential as biological control agent against leaf blight disease on corn leaf caused by Pantoea sp.
Abstract: One of new biotic constraints in corn production in Indonesia is leaf blight disease caused by Pantoea sp . which is needed to be controlled. The purpose of this research is to study the potential of Bacillu s sp. and Pseudomonas sp. as biological control agents against corn leaf blight caused by Pantoea sp. The results showed that all bacterial strains of Bacillu s sp. and Pseudomonas sp. have potential in inhibiting the growth of Pantoea sp. by showing the clear zone on the agar plate. The antibiosis types are bactercide or bacteriostatic. On pot experiment all bacterial strains showed the reduction of the disease incidence at the same level compared with that of bactericide streptomycin suphate. All bacterial strains as well as bactericide could reduce the disease incidence at 18-24% compared with that of control (aquades treatment only). The results suggest that all bacterial strains are potential as biological control agent against leaf blight disease on corn leaf caused by Pantoea sp. Keywords: Biological control, Bacillus sp. , Pseudomonas sp. and Pantoea sp.
TL;DR: Research results revealed that genotypes, locations and genotype by location interaction posed significant effect on the observed variables, and most of the evaluated clones were unstable for vegetative growth characters but were stable for tuber yield and yield components.
Abstract: A number of promising sweet potato clones from East Nusa Tenggara and a checked cultivar were evaluated in several locations for the following objectives: 1) to elucidate genotype by environment effect on growth and yield of the sweet potato clones, and 2) to determine growth and yield stability of the clones across diverse locations in East Nusa Tenggara province. The study was carried out in four locations and was laid out in a Randomized Block Design consisting of 10 sweet potato genotypes as treatments and two replicates. Obtained data were subjected to combined analysis of variance to determine GxE interaction, followed by stability analysis based on joint regression model of Eberhart and Russell. Research results revealed that genotypes, locations and genotype by location interaction posed significant effect on the observed variables. Most of the evaluated clones were unstable for vegetative growth characters but were stable for tuber yield and yield components. The local clone LB-01 produced the highest mean tuber yield over all locations, averaging at 4.15 kg.plant-1 (~ 46.11 t.ha-1). Two local clones, i.e. ON-06 and LB-01, and the check cultivar Kidal were the most stable clones for tuber yield and yield components across diverse environments.
TL;DR: The research conducted to determine how SpltMNPV infected midgut epithelial cells of S. litura larvae in vitro involved 5 phases, they are the attachment, penetration, formation of tunnels, release of protein envelope and the releasing of MNPV/multiple nucleocapsid through budding.
Abstract: Spodoptera litura is one of agricultural crop pests. They are resistant to chemical insecticides. One of alternate biological control is Spodoptera litura Multiple Nucleopolyhedrosis Virus (SpltMNPV) The research was conducted to determine how SpltMNPV infected midgut epithelial cells of S. litura larvae in vitro. The midgut monolayer epithelial cells were infected by SpltMNPV, then incubated for 6 and 24 hours. The mechanism of infection was observed by a transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The result of this observation showed that infecting midgut cell by SpltMNPV involved 5 phases, they are: 1) the attachment of SpltMNPV at the membrane of suitable host, 2) the penetration, formation of tunnels and release of protein envelope, 3) the biosynthesis of virus components in the cell nucleus, 4) the assembling of virus components, and 5) the releasing of MNPV/multiple nucleocapsid through budding.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used enriched granular-compost (EGC) to test its effect on nutrient availability, plant growth, and grain yield in intensive farming systems and found that the highest grain yield was gained from the application of 100% EGC + 100% IF.
Abstract: Effort to reduce the high dependence of farmers on inorganic fertilizers is introducing compost as soil conditioner. The objectives of this research are to create enriched granular-compost (EGC) and to test its effect on nutrient availability, plant growth, and grain yield in intensive farming systems. The research was conducted in two consecutive years (2011-2012), consisting of three steps: production of EGC, incubation and field experiment. Incubation experiment was designed by randomized complete design with 5 treatments (control, 4, 6, 8, and 12 Mg ha -1 ), andthe design of field experiment was randomized block design with 7 treatments (control, inorganic fertilizer (IF), 25% EGC + 75% IF, 50% EGC + 50% IF, 75% EGC + 25% IF, 100% EGC + 100% IF and 100% EGC). The results showed that application of EGC increased total-N and P-available 12.5% and 33% respectively on the 10 th day after incubation. The highest grain yield (6.13 Mg ha -1 ) was gained from the application of 100% EGC + 100% IF. The productivity of rice is closely related to the number of productive panicles per plant (r = 0.507*) and percent of filled grain (r = 0.685*).
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used split application of 75 kg perhectare (one half of recommended dose) in Alfisol yielded dry seed as high as 6,374 kgs per hectare (at the twice application), 6,280 kgs (the three times application)c while the control treatment yielded a yield of 6,027 kgs in Oxisol.
Abstract: The low efficiency of Phosphate fertilization on wetland rice may be overcame by using quickly dissolve P fertilizer. However, for soils containing high dissolve Fe, such as Alfisol and Oxisol, will induce the formation of Fe-P bonding. Therefore, to use the quickly dissolve P fertilizer in such soils should be done by split application. The research aimed to assess better P fertilization method for wetland rice which used quickly dissolve P fertilizer given in split application. The research concluded that the application of quickly dissolve P fertilizer to Alfisol and Oxisol which was applied in split application by twice (0 and 30 days after planting) and three times (0, 15 and 30 days after planting) increased the eficiency of P fertilization in wetland rice. The split application of 75 kgs perhectare (one half of recommended dose) in Alfisol yielded dry seed as high as 6,374 kgs per hectare (at the twice application), 6,280 kgs per hectare (the three times application)c while the control treatment yielded as high as 6,027 kgs per hectare. In Oxisol the yield of rice was 8,200 kgs per hectare fo the control treatment, 8,027 kgs per hectare for the twice application and 8,440 kgs per hectare for the three time applications.
TL;DR: The result indicated that fungal spore germination was observed at two-day post inoculation in planta and hypersensitive response was also detected at the stomata aperture, which is not effective in stopping the fungus since F. oxysporum is a necrotropic pathogen.
Abstract: Fusarium oxysporum is the causal agent of damping-off disease. The fungus attacks seedlings of many plant species, including Acacia mangium . In order to effectively control the disease, detailed information on how the fungus infects seedlings of A. mangium and how the plant responds to the fungal infection is essentially needed. The objectives of this research were to investigate: (1) the infection process of F. oxysporum on seedlings of A. mangium , (2) the defence response of A. mangium seedling to infection by F. oxysporum . The fungal pathogen was identified, followed by performance of pathogenicity test. The infection process was followed by macroscopic observation as well as microscopic observation. The result indicated that fungal spore germination was observed at two-day post inoculation in planta . At four-daypost inoculation, hyphae of F. oxysporum had penetrated the collar root of A. mangium seedling via stomata aperture. In addition, fungal hyphae had grown intercellulary in to the vascular tissue. Correspondingly, hypersensitive response was also detected at the stomata aperture. However, this defence mechanism is not effective in stopping the fungus since F. oxysporum is a necrotropic pathogen. Moreover, accumulation of lignin, but not callose, was observed. Keywords: Fusarium oxysporum , damping-off , Acacia mangium Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE X-NONE
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated the diversity of climbing trees for rattan in agroforestry system using purposive sampling in two different types of land cover i.e. rubber agro-forestry (RA) and secondary forest (SF).
Abstract: This research aims to evaluate the diversity of climbing trees for rattan in agroforestry system. The result of this research is expected to be applied as the standard to improve the management in rattan agroforestry. The research was conducted from June to December 2011 in three different villages: Kalemei, Hiran and Liting in Katingan regency, Central Kalimantan. The data were collected via purposive sampling in two different types of land cover i.e rubber agroforestry (RA) and secondary forest (SF), each of system had 6 plots and 18 sub-plots of experiment. The evaluation of species diversity was performed by measuring species richness, Importance Value Index, and Diversity Index. Statistic model was constructed by employing the approach in multivariate analysis and cluster analysis. The results indicated that SF had higher species diversity (3.02 – 3.45). The diversity level of RA was higher in Hiran village (3.96), than in the other two villages ( 0.9g cm -3 ) as it found in SF. Keywords : Rattan, rubber agroforestry, climbing trees for rattan, secondary forest
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the effect of pyraclostrobin application in maize under green house and field conditions on nitrogen uptake in dry season, 2011 and 2012.
Abstract: Improving nitrogen uptake by pyraclostrobin application in maize under green house and field conditions were investigated. There were three series experiments conducted in dry season, 2011 and 2012. The research was conducted using nested design and three replications. Nested design was applied in order to get information as careful as possible about the role of treatment, especially the main factor. The first experiment was carried out in the field while the second and third were in the green house.The experiments had two factors, pyraclostrobin application and nitrogen fertilizer. Vegetative growth, flowering and earing age, chlorophyll content, yield, amylose and protein content were evaluated. Application of pyraclostrobin, significantly increased nitrogen fertilizer efficiency. Amylose content and fresh yield were different on nitrogen and pyraclostrobin application. Application of pyraclostrobin 400 ml/ha significantly increased amylose 10.85-18.5%.Both amylose and protein content were increased by nitrogen fertilizer application. Vegetative growth and chlorophyll content were affected by nitrogen and pyraclostrobin significantly.
TL;DR: The result indicated that the highest net assimilation rate (NAR) of mungbean 5.78 g per cm 2 per week was obtained in the komba-komba compost 10 ton per ha with planting time of mngbean at 14 days after planting (DAP) maize whereas NAR of maize 5.50 g percm 2 perweek was obtaining in the planting time at 14 DAP maize.
Abstract: Soil fauna plays an important role in decomposition and nutrient mineralization. The objective of this research was to study the effect of “komba-komba” compost and planting time of mungbean intercropped with maize on yield and soil fauna. The research was conducted in research station of Agricultural Faculty, Haluoleo University. The experiment was laid out using split plot design with two factors (“komba-komba” compost and planting time of mungbean intercropped with maize). The result indicated that the highest net assimilation rate (NAR) of mungbean 5.78 g per cm 2 per week was obtained in the komba-komba compost 10 ton per ha with planting time of mungbean at 14 days after planting (DAP) maize whereas NAR of maize 5.50 g per cm 2 per week was obtained in the planting time of mungbean at 14 DAP maize. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera (Formicidae) were dominant and Shannon’s diversity index ranged between 0.32 and 1.28. LER values tended to increase with the addition of “komba-komba” compost in soil and time variation of planting mungbean intercropped with maize. The relation between Shannon’s diversity and LER values was variable.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of substitution of Ammonium Sulphate (AS) fertilizer on sugarcane growth, nutrient content, and soil chemical properties was compared on up-land plantations in Tegalweru village, Dau district, Malang regency.
Abstract: The aim of this research was to compare the effect of substitution of Ammonium Sulphate (AS) fertilizer on sugarcane growth, nutrient content, and soil chemical properties. This research was conducted on up-land of sugarcane plantation in Tegalweru village, Dau district, Malang regency. This study tested ten treatments consisting of three treatments using AS fertilizer, six treatments using AS substitute fertilizers that used combination of Urea, Gypsum, and bio-compost and one control (no fertilizer). This research used randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the plant growth between the treatment used AS fertilizer and AS substitute was not significantly different. However, the treatment used 400 kg Urea per ha+938 kg Gypsum per ha tended to have the best plant growth and the highest N uptake. For the treatments using AS substitute fertilizer, the higher the application rate was, the higher the soil N and S contents were. The treatments used AS fertilizer due to lower soil pH than AS substitute fertilizer. Based on this research, it can be concluded that the use of alternative fertilizers as a substitute of the AS fertilizer is recommended to reduce an adverse impact on soil fertility.
TL;DR: In this paper, a combination of two critical land analyses methods with input soil erosion data from two analyses methods will be produced four combinations of critical land classification using GIS and BRLT methods.
Abstract: Critical land classification can be analyzed using combination between Top Soil Thickness - Land erosion method, and BRLT methods. Both methods are needed soil erosion data as one of input data. The soil erosion data can be analyzed using USLE and MUSLE methods. The combination of two critical land analyses methods with input soil erosion data from two analyses methods will be produced four combinations of critical land classification. In this research, four of the critical land classification and two soil erosion classification will be analyzed using GIS. The best method to classify critical land will be investigated in this research. The best classified critical land is the classified critical land data is nearest with the field condition. Percentage of vegetation cover (PVC) is one of the most important input data in the critical land classification analysis using BRLKT method. This data have 50% weight. PVC condition is classified into five categories i.e. very good, good, fair, poor, and very poor. Each category have score 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 respectively. To analyze this PVC classification, NDVI generated from satellite remote sensing data is used in this research. From the four methods of land critical classification analyses used in this research, critical land classified using BRLKT method with input soil erosion analyzed using method is produced the critical land classification nearest with the critical land condition in the field. Keywords: Critical land, Land erosion, GIS, Satellite Remote Sensing Data, NDVI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of plant species diversity on C- stocks, and the characteristics of land use system s based on their similar ity was analyzed. But the authors only focused on the impact of plant diversity on the C- stock in the area around Jangkok watershed.
Abstract: The area around Jangkok watershed has changed, dividing it into some land use systems. This research aimed to study the effect of plant species diversity on C- stocks, and to analyse the characteristics of land use system s based on their similar ity . The observations were carried out on 18 plots representing six land use systems in Jangkok watershed (Lombok Island) i.e. primary forest (PF), disturbed forest (DF), Mahogany - woodlot (MW), candlenut - agroforestry (CA), multistrata - agroforestry (MA), and simple - agroforestry (SA). The species diversity level was measured using Shannon-Weiner diversity index , while C- stocks according to the method of RaCSA ( Rapid Carbon Stock Appraisal ) . Results showed that forest conversion to agricultural land use s reduced the number and density of the species , average w ood density and tree basal area . The PF represented the highest biodiversity index (3.46), while the other land uses were categorised in medium and low. Largest C-stock was found in PF and in (30 years old) of MW average d of 500 Mg ha - 1 , while the lowest was in S A of 68 Mg ha - 1 , while in other land uses wa s 219 Mg ha - 1 . The quantity of C- stock was not related to species diversity and its density , but closely related (p of tree (R 2 =0.84), basal area of all sizes tree (R 2 =0.86), and with the basal area of big trees ( diameter > 30 cm ) (R 2 =0.71). Based on the number and species density, agroforestry system ( MA and CA ) resembled the characteristics of natural forest ( DF and PF ) . /spanEN-GBspan style=
TL;DR: The result showed that instar one and adult were preferred to associate with weeds under the mango canopy and borders compare to mango leaves except second instar, which wasn't significantly difference of age structure and sex ratio.
Abstract: A research aimed to investigate the age structure and sex ratio of S. dorsalis Hood in mango agroecosystem was conducted at PT. Trigatra Rajasa farm, Situbondo, East Java, Indonesia. The research was started from April to May 2013. A Completely Randomized Design, Analysis of Variance and Least Significant Difference were used to design, knew the variance and significantly different among the treatment, respectively. Thirteen mango trees set in cross section were sampled and observed for the presence of S. dorsalis including weeds under the mango canopy and four cardinal directions of border. A weekly sample was done for four weeks. The result showed that instar one and adult were preferred to associate with weeds under the mango canopy and borders compare to mango leaves except second instar. Further, observation was presented that all the age structures were given equal male female sex ratio. Based on total population numbers, there wasn't significantly difference of age structure and sex ratio of S. dorsalis associate with weeds inside the orchard including mango leaves and borders. Twenty seven species of weeds were discovered associate with mango agroecosystem and comprehensively discused based on the most dominance and preferred by S. dorsalis . Key Words : S. dorsalis , age structure, sex ratio, mango, weeds.