3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

http://publicationslist.org/data/meng.chong/ref-18/sdarticle.pdf

Recent Developments in Photocatalytic Water Treatment Technology: A Review

Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide

Even though heterogeneous photocatalysis appeared in many forms, photodegradation of organic pollutants has recently been the most widely investigated. By far, titania has played a much larger role in this scenario compared to other semiconductor photocatalysts due to its cost effectiveness, inert nature and photostability. Extensive literature analysis has shown many possibilities of improving the efficiency of photodecomposition over titania by combining the photoprocess with either physical or chemical operations. The resulting combined processes revealed a flexible line of action for wastewater treatment technologies. The choice of treatment method usually depends upon the composition of the wastewater. However, a lot more is needed from engineering design and modelling for successful application of the laboratory scale techniques to large-scale operation. The present review paper seeks to offer an overview of the dramatic trend in the use of the TiO 2 photocatalyst for remediation and decontamination of wastewater, report the recent work done, important achievements and problems.

/pdf/heterogeneous-photocatalytic-degradation-of-organic-3yhovgltu6.pdf

Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide : A review of fundamentals, progress and problems

Combination of Advanced Oxidation Processes and biological treatments for wastewater decontamination—A review

Photocatalysis is a rapidly expanding technology for wastewater treatment. In this review the chemical effects of various variables on the rate of degradation of different pollutants are discussed in detail. The effects of adsorption, temperature, intensity of light, pH, and the presence of anions, cations, etc have been specifically covered. A critical analysis of the available literature data has been made and some general conclusions have been drawn concerning the above mentioned effects. The need for more work on specific points has been brought out.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry

Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications – a review

Growing demand for biodegradable polymer substitutes for both conventional plastic materials and new materials of specific uses such as controlled drug delivery or artificial prostheses draws attention to the need for improvement of conventional processes for lactic acid production. Reactive extraction with a specified extractant giving a higher distribution coefficient has been proposed as a promising technique for the recovery of lactic acid. A critical analysis of the available literature data has been made, and some general conclusions have been drawn. A suitable extractant−diluent system for lactic acid extraction on the basis of distribution coefficient, toxicity, and feasibility for backextraction is suggested. Also, methods for backextraction and recovery are suggested.

Fermentation of Glucose to Lactic Acid Coupled with Reactive Extraction: A Review

https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/14527764/2002JBiotechnolWasewar.pdf

Reactive extraction of lactic acid using alamine 336 in MIBK: equilibria and kinetics

Photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene using titanium dioxide and concentrated solar radiation: chemical effects and scaleup.

Lactic acid is an important commercial product and extracting this from aqueous solution is a growing requirement in fermentation-based industries. The design of an amine extraction process requires (i) equilibrium and (ii) kinetic data for the acid-amine (solvent) system used. The equilibrium complexation constants for ratios of (1:1) and (2:1) have been estimated. The kinetics of extraction of lactic acid by Alamine 336 in decanol has also been determined. The reaction between lactic acid and Alamine 336 in decanol in a stirred cell falls in Regime 3, ie extraction accompanied by a fast chemical reaction occurring in the diffusion film. The reaction has been found to be zero order in Alamine 336 and first order in lactic acid with a rate constant of 0.21 s-1. These data will be useful in the design of extraction processes.

/pdf/equilibria-and-kinetics-for-reactive-extraction-of-lactic-2qsbbbrpm8.pdf

Vishwas G. Pangarkar

Papers

Photocatalytic degradation for environmental applications – a review

Fermentation of Glucose to Lactic Acid Coupled with Reactive Extraction: A Review

Reactive extraction of lactic acid using alamine 336 in MIBK: equilibria and kinetics

Photocatalytic degradation of nitrobenzene using titanium dioxide and concentrated solar radiation: chemical effects and scaleup.

Equilibria and kinetics for reactive extraction of lactic acid using Alamine 336 in decanol