There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

The applications of copper (Cu) and Cu-based nanoparticles, which are based on the earth-abundant and inexpensive copper metal, have generated a great deal of interest in recent years, especially in the field of catalysis. The possible modification of the chemical and physical properties of these nanoparticles using different synthetic strategies and conditions and/or via postsynthetic chemical treatments has been largely responsible for the rapid growth of interest in these nanomaterials and their applications in catalysis. In addition, the design and development of novel support and/or multimetallic systems (e.g., alloys, etc.) has also made significant contributions to the field. In this comprehensive review, we report different synthetic approaches to Cu and Cu-based nanoparticles (metallic copper, copper oxides, and hybrid copper nanostructures) and copper nanoparticles immobilized into or supported on various support materials (SiO2, magnetic support materials, etc.), along with their applications i...

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00482

Cu and Cu-Based Nanoparticles: Synthesis and Applications in Catalysis.

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), also known as porous coordination polymers (PCPs), synthesized by assembling metal ions with organic ligands have recently emerged as a new class of crystalline porous materials. The amenability to design as well as fine-tunable and uniform pore structures makes them promising materials for a variety of applications. Controllable integration of MOFs and functional materials is leading to the creation of new multifunctional composites/hybrids, which exhibit new properties that are superior to those of the individual components through the collective behavior of the functional units. This is a rapidly developing interdisciplinary research area. This review provides an overview of the significant advances in the development of diverse MOF composites reported till now with special emphases on the synergistic effects and applications of the composites. The most widely used and successful strategies for composite synthesis are also presented.

Metal–organic framework composites

Pyrolysis is one of the thermochemical technologies for converting biomass into energy and chemical products consisting of liquid bio-oil, solid biochar, and pyrolytic gas. Depending on the heating rate and residence time, biomass pyrolysis can be divided into three main categories slow (conventional), fast and flash pyrolysis mainly aiming at maximising either the bio-oil or biochar yields. Synthesis gas or hydrogen-rich gas can also be the target of biomass pyrolysis. Maximised gas rates can be achieved through the catalytic pyrolysis process, which is now increasingly being developed. Biomass pyrolysis generally follows a three-step mechanism comprising of dehydration, primary and secondary reactions. Dehydrogenation, depolymerisation, and fragmentation are the main competitive reactions during the primary decomposition of biomass. A number of parameters affect the biomass pyrolysis process, yields and properties of products. These include the biomass type, biomass pretreatment (physical, chemical, and biological), reaction atmosphere, temperature, heating rate and vapour residence time. This manuscript gives a general summary of the properties of the pyrolytic products and their analysis methods. Also provided are a review of the parameters that affect biomass pyrolysis and a summary of the state of industrial pyrolysis technologies.

Lignocellulosic biomass pyrolysis: A review of product properties and effects of pyrolysis parameters

The cultivation of oleaginous yeast on second-generation feedstocks is an attractive alternative for edible lipid production. Despite many studies in this area addressing single aspects of this bio...

Scaled-Up Microwave-Assisted Pretreatment and Continuous Fermentation to Produce Yeast Lipids from Brewery Wastes

There is described a method of producing (-)-levoglucosenone, said method comprising, heating lignin to a temperature in excess of 150°C for a time sufficient to convert a proportion of the lignin to (-)-evoglucosenone.

Method for producing levoglucosenone

Porous carbon materials have been prepared which a wide range of technologically important applications, including separation science, heterogeneous catalyst supports, water purification filters, stationary phase materials, as well as energy generation and storage applications. Templated routes to ordered mesoporous carbons are well established, but the surface of the material is difficult to chemically post-modify and processing is energy and resource intensive and laborious. The production of carbon materials from biomass (i.e. sugars or polysaccharides) is a relatively new but rapidly expanding research area. Here we describe mesoporous polysaccharidewhich is based on food waste valorization and yielding materials with flexible surface chemistries and remarkably mesoporous structures.

/pdf/starbons-a-new-family-of-bio-based-mesoporous-materials-5dhu7ek72q.pdf

Starbons® – A New Family of Bio-based Mesoporous Materials Derived from Polysaccharides

espanolEl calentamiento asistido por micro-ondas se considera una tecnologia mas rapida, eficiente y selectiva en comparacion con otras tecnicas de calentamiento convencionales para el tratamiento hidrotermal de biomasa. Especificamente, esta tecnologia permite tanto lograr un mejor control del proceso, como el uso de menores temperaturas. Ademas, como el agua utilizada como disolvente en estos procesos es muy eficiente absorbiendo la energia emitida por las micro-ondas, la combinacion de condiciones hidrotermales junto con un calentamiento asistido por micro-ondas, resulta en una alternativa novedosa y muy interesante para el diseno y desarrollo de nuevos procesos hidrotermales. En este contexto, el presente articulo resume algunos de los avances mas recientes desarrollados en el Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, del Departamento de Quimica de la Universidad de York (Reino Unido), (https://www.york.ac.uk/chemistry/research/green/research/ publications/) sobre el uso de la tecnologia de calentamiento por micro-ondas para la valorizacion hidrotermal de biomasa, incluyendo procesos de licuefaccion, descomposicion y fraccionamiento. Estas reacciones son de gran interes en la industria quimica y representan una contribucion sustancial en el desarrollo de nuevos procesos para el pre-tratamiento de la biomasa, contribuyendo sustancialmente al desarrollo de nuevas rutas para la valorizacion sostenible de biomasa y residuos. EnglishMicrowave heating represents a potentially faster and more efficient and selective technology for the hydrothermal treatment of biomass in comparison to conventional heating based technologies. Specifically, microwave heating allows not only achieving a better process control, but also lower temperatures to be used. Furthermore, as water is highly effective in microwave energy absorption, the combination of hydrothermal conditions together with microwave assisted heating offers an interesting new technology for the design and development of novel hydrothermal processes. Herein, this work summarises some recent advances achieved at the Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, Chemistry Department, University of York (UK) (https://www. york.ac.uk/chemistry/research/green/research/ publications/), regarding the use of microwave technology for the valorisation of biomass under hydrothermal conditions, including microwaveassisted hydrothermal liquefaction (MA-HTL), decomposition (MA-HTD) and fractionation (MAF). These processes are very timely and the work conducted represents a step-change in biomass preprocessing technologies, helping the development of novel routes for biomass valorisation

/pdf/new-insights-into-the-use-of-microwave-technology-for-the-or5rv8z30i.pdf

New insights into the use of microwave technology for the hydrothermal valorisation of biomass: microwave-assisted liquefaction, decomposition and fractionation reactions

To conclude the book, this chapter aims to provide the reader with an overview of a number of developing approaches to the production of porous carbons from sustainable precursors. Discussion will focus predominantly on the production of carbon-based materials from bacterial cellulose, lignins, tannins and finally to examine the possibility of employing ionic liquids. The relative merits of the approaches discussed will also be highlighted. The use of the resulting carbons synthesised based on these approaches in applications including energy storage, energy generation and purification/remediation will also be briefly discussed. Finally, the chapter will conclude with an overview of the latest developments regarding the commercialisation of the approaches to the synthesis of porous carbons from sustainable precursors discussed in this book will also be provided.

Vitaliy L. Budarin

Papers

Scaled-Up Microwave-Assisted Pretreatment and Continuous Fermentation to Produce Yeast Lipids from Brewery Wastes

Method for producing levoglucosenone

Starbons® – A New Family of Bio-based Mesoporous Materials Derived from Polysaccharides

New insights into the use of microwave technology for the hydrothermal valorisation of biomass: microwave-assisted liquefaction, decomposition and fractionation reactions

CHAPTER 12:Other Approaches and the Commercialisation of Sustainable Carbonaceous Material Technology