1. Introduction 2. The physical metallurgy of nickel and its alloys 3. Single crystal superalloys for blade applications 4. Superalloys for turbine disc applications 5. Environmental degradation: the role of coatings 6. Summary and future trends.

The Superalloys: Fundamentals and Applications

A balanced mechanics-materials approach and coverage of the latest developments in biomaterials and electronic materials, the new edition of this popular text is the most thorough and modern book available for upper-level undergraduate courses on the mechanical behavior of materials To ensure that the student gains a thorough understanding the authors present the fundamental mechanisms that operate at micro- and nano-meter level across a wide-range of materials, in a way that is mathematically simple and requires no extensive knowledge of materials This integrated approach provides a conceptual presentation that shows how the microstructure of a material controls its mechanical behavior, and this is reinforced through extensive use of micrographs and illustrations New worked examples and exercises help the student test their understanding Further resources for this title, including lecture slides of select illustrations and solutions for exercises, are available online at wwwcambridgeorg/97800521866758

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Mechanical Behavior of Materials

The development of a bone-bonding calcia-phosposilicate glass-ceramic is discussed. A theoretical model to explain the interfacial bonding is based upon in-vitro studies of glass-ceramic solubility in interfacial hydroxyapatite crystallization mechanisms, compared with in-vivo rat femur implant histology and ultrastructure results.

Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials

Titanium dioxide, TiO2, is an important photocatalytic material that exists as two main polymorphs, anatase and rutile. The presence of either or both of these phases impacts on the photocatalytic performance of the material. The present work reviews the anatase to rutile phase transformation. The synthesis and properties of anatase and rutile are examined, followed by a discussion of the thermodynamics of the phase transformation and the factors affecting its observation. A comprehensive analysis of the reported effects of dopants on the anatase to rutile phase transformation and the mechanisms by which these effects are brought about is presented in this review, yielding a plot of the cationic radius versus the valence characterised by a distinct boundary between inhibitors and promoters of the phase transformation. Further, the likely effects of dopant elements, including those for which experimental data are unavailable, on the phase transformation are deduced and presented on the basis of this analysis.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10853-010-5113-0.pdf

Review of the anatase to rutile phase transformation

The literature treating mechanisms of catalyst deactivation is reviewed. Intrinsic mechanisms of catalyst deactivation are many; nevertheless, they can be classified into six distinct types: (i) poisoning, (ii) fouling, (iii) thermal degradation, (iv) vapor compound formation accompanied by transport, (v) vapor-solid and/or solid-solid reactions, and (vi) attrition/crushing. As (i), (iv), and (v) are chemical in nature and (ii) and (v) are mechanical, the causes of deactivation are basically three-fold: chemical, mechanical and thermal. Each of these six mechanisms is defined and its features are illustrated by data and examples from the literature. The status of knowledge and needs for further work are also summarized for each type of deactivation mechanism. The development during the past two decades of more sophisticated surface spectroscopies and powerful computer technologies provides opportunities for obtaining substantially better understanding of deactivation mechanisms and building this understanding into comprehensive mathematical models that will enable more effective design and optimization of processes involving deactivating catalysts. © 2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

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Mechanisms of catalyst deactivation

INTRODUCTION. Ceramic Processes and Products. CHARACTERISTICS OF CERAMIC SOLIDS. Structure of Crystals. Structure of Glasses. Structural Imperfections. Surfaces, Interfaces, and Grain Boundaries. Atom Mobility. DEVELOPMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURE IN CERAMICS. Ceramic Phase Equilibrium Diagrams. Phase Transformation, Glass Formation and Glass--Ceramics. Reactions with and between Solids. Grain Growth. Sintering and Vitrification. Microstructure of Ceramics. PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS. Thermal Properties. Optical Properties. Plastic Deformation, Viscous Flow and Creep. Elasticity, Anelasticity and Strength. Thermal and Compositional Stresses. Electrical Conductivity. Dielectric Properties. Magnetic Properties.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1149/1.2133296/pdf

Introduction to Ceramics

The driving force leading to densification during sintering in the presence of a liquid phase and the material transport phenomena have been analyzed and relationships for the densification rate during the rearrangement process, the solution-precipitation process, and the final coalescence process have been determined. These relationships allow an experimental determination of the mechanism of sintering in the presence of a liquid phase on the basis of the time, particle size and temperature dependence of the densification rate. In addition, they allow direct calculations of densification rates to be made for certain simple systems for which property data are available.

Densification during Sintering in the Presence of a Liquid Phase. I. Theory

The mechanism of material transport in sintering can be elucidated in some cases by direct observation of the rate of interface growth and approach of centers between spherical particles. Measurements with glass, sodium chloride, and copper indicate that with these materials viscous flow, evaporation-condensation, and self-diffusion are the rate-determining mechanisms. Values of viscosity, vapor pressure, and diffusion constants have been determined, but calculations of diffusion constants from these data are subject to uncertainties of interpretation. A model is presented for the behavior of copper during the initial stages of sintering, which is in agreement with available experimental data, and which requires vacancy elimination at dislocations or grain boundaries. Data for refractory oxides indicate the importance of purity and fabrication pressure, but the sintering mechanism for these materials is not determined by the present data.

Study of the Initial Stages of Sintering Solids by Viscous Flow, Evaporation‐Condensation, and Self‐Diffusion

The sources and calculation of thermal stresses are considered, together with the factors involved in thermal stress resistance factors. Properties affecting thermal stress resistance of ceramics are reviewed, and testing methods are considered.

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Factors Affecting Thermal Stress Resistance of Ceramic Materials

Porous structures having a continuous solid phase with isolated pores were prepared by the addition of different amounts of crushed naphthalene to an alumina casting slip. Samples of from 5 to 50% porosity were fired together for comparable grain development, eliminating structural variables except porosity. Effects of porosity and temperature on strength, elastic modulus, modulus of rigidity, and coefficient of thermal expansion were investigated. Effects of porosity on thermal stress resistance and tor-sional creep properties were studied at constant temperature.

W. D. Kingery

Papers

Introduction to Ceramics

Densification during Sintering in the Presence of a Liquid Phase. I. Theory

Study of the Initial Stages of Sintering Solids by Viscous Flow, Evaporation‐Condensation, and Self‐Diffusion

Factors Affecting Thermal Stress Resistance of Ceramic Materials

Effect of Porosity on Physical Properties of Sintered Alumina