https://repub.eur.nl/pub/11021/IncomeRelatedInequalities_1997.pdf

Income-related inequalities in health: some international comparisons.

The analysis of inequality is placed in the context of recent developments in economics and statistics.

/pdf/measurement-of-inequality-42h81e6xrc.pdf

Measurement of inequality

Experimental Economics became an autonomous field of research after WWII in concomitance with the increasing interest in Microeconomic theory. The VonNeumann-Morgenstern’s Expected Utility Theory gave a lot of opportunity to test behaviour trough lotteries (Allais Paradox...). In 1952 the Conference of Santa Monica grounded Experimental Economics on more theoretical basis and gave to the discipline an autonomous methodological structure.

实验经济学（Experimental Economics）研究思路及成果应用简述

Envy is the painful emotion caused by the good fortune of others. This research empirically supports the distinction between two qualitatively different types of envy, namely benign and malicious envy. It reveals that the experience of benign envy leads to a moving-up motivation aimed at improving one's own position, whereas the experience of malicious envy leads to a pulling-down motivation aimed at damaging the position of the superior other. Study 1 used guided recall of the two envy types in a culture (the Netherlands) that has separate words for benign and malicious envy. Analyses of the experiential content of these emotions found the predicted differences. Study 2 and 3 used one sample from the United States and one from Spain, respectively, where a single word exists for both envy types. A latent class analysis based on the experiential content of envy confirmed the existence of separate experiences of benign and malicious envy in both these cultures as well. The authors discuss the implications of distinguishing the two envy types for theories of cooperation, group performance, and Schadenfreude.

Leveling up and down: the experiences of benign and malicious envy.

The revision of the Rating Outlook to Stable from Negative reflects Fitch’s belief that the city may be required by the EPA to move to secondary treatment at its two largest treatment plants at some time in the future. However, the timing and costs associated with this upgrade could be long term, near or beyond the final year of the current large capital plan (2019). Furthermore, negotiations and the final agreement regarding the timing of such regulatory upgrades may not occur quickly. The Stable Rating Outlook reflects Fitch’s expectation that the third rate package will be adopted and become effective in fiscal 2012 as anticipated and that a change in political administrations or New Issues Wastewater System Revenue Bonds (First Bond Resolution), Senior Series 2009A, 2009B, and 2009C Wastewater System Revenue Bonds (Second Bond Resolution), Junior Series 2009A

“公共财政”和“Public Finance”辨析

Economists have long speculated that envy and malice play important roles in economic decisions. Surprisingly little empirical evidence has been offered in support of such claims. This paper uses experimental and multinomial logit techniques to estimate the effects of envy and malice in economic decisions involving Pareto efficiency. Envy and malice turn out to be powerful motivations with strong differential impacts across countries and relative positions. In some cases, opposition to Pareto gains reaches 60%. Behind a veil of ignorance, however, opposition falls to 10% overall. Pareto efficiency thus garners its greatest support under conditions which can lay claim to greatest legitimacy, those free of situational and personal bias. “... the greater part of human actions have their origin not in logical reasoning but in sentiment. This is particularly true for actions that are not motivated economically.... Man, although impelled to act by nonlogical motives, likes to tie his actions logically to certain principles; he therefore invents these a posteriori in order to justify his actions.” V. Pareto in The rise and fall of the elites (1968, p. 27)

Envy, malice and Pareto efficiency: An experimental examination

Mobility measurement,transition matrices and statistical inference

This paper examines income inequality in the Untied States over the period 1967-86 using recently developed tests for differences in Lorenz curves The authors are able to rank eighteen of nineteen annual comparisons In contrast, standard techniques are able to rank only twelve These results suggest that the Lorenz dominance principle is more empirically relevant than previously thought The tests reveal a sharp rise in US inequality between 1978 and 1982, as well as a shift toward greater inequality over the entire period The authors also examine changes in economic welfare using the joint mean-Lorenz dominance principle Copyright 1991 by MIT Press

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/2109695.pdf

Lorenz Dominance and Welfare: Changes in the U.S. Distribution of Income, 1967-1986

This paper examines income inequality across nine countries using the Luxembourg Income Study data set. New statistical tests and comparability of data provide an exceptionally clear picture of relative income inequality. Only 4 comparisons out of a possible 108 cannot be ranked. In most cases, differences in the definition of the recipient unit make little difference in the rankings. Irrespective of recipient units, Sweden, Norway, and Germany come out at the top of the ordinal Lorenz ranking, with Australia, Canada, and the United Kingdom in the middle, and the United States and Switzerland at the bottom. Copyright 1991 by The London School of Economics and Political Science.

/pdf/international-comparisons-of-income-inequality-tests-for-2wwyl62dgd.pdf

International Comparisons of Income Inequality: Tests for Lorenz Dominance Across Nine Countries

Recently N. C. Kakwani (I977) and Daniel Suits (I977) independently and simultaneously developed new measures of the degree of tax progression. Both measures are related to the Gini ratio of income inequality and are distinct from conventional elasticity measures of progressivity in that each yields a summary statistic, while standard elasticity measures of progressivity vary as the tax base changes. In this paper we briefly describe the measures, identify their important characteristics, and establish the analytical relation between them. Empirical calculations of the progressivity of the U.S. income tax system for the period I 962-76 reveal that the two measures display different magnitudes of change in progressivity. More importantly, in three out of fourteen years the measures moved in opposite directions.

W. James Smith

Papers

Envy, malice and Pareto efficiency: An experimental examination

Mobility measurement,transition matrices and statistical inference

Lorenz Dominance and Welfare: Changes in the U.S. Distribution of Income, 1967-1986

International Comparisons of Income Inequality: Tests for Lorenz Dominance Across Nine Countries

A comparison of two new measures of tax progressivity