Organotin compounds are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment. The high biological activity of some compounds toward aquatic organisms lead to deleterious impacts in aquatic ecosystems. Here, the aquatic ecotoxicology of organotins is reviewed based on a multidisciplinary approach involving environmental chemical, toxicological, and ecological aspects. Basic results were obtained both with field and laboratory studies, and some of the most important recent results and conclusions are critically reviewed. The contamination of and fate in aquatic systems is reported and linked with effects at different levels of biological organization. Major emphasis is placed on the development of a concept of ecotoxicology that encompasses not only effect assessment alone, but also integrates environmental chemistry with aquatic toxicology. Thereby, the influence of speciation for bioavailability, basic modes of toxic action, and aquatic toxicity are discussed. This case study on organotins allows to a certain extent generalizations to ecotoxicology in general.

Ecotoxicology of organotin compounds.

The removal of dyes from textile wastewater: a study of the physical characteristics and adsorption mechanisms of diatomaceous earth

This public health statement tells you about manganese and the effects of exposure to it.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) identifies the most serious hazardous waste sites in the nation. These sites are then placed on the National Priorities List (NPL) and are targeted for long-term federal clean-up activities. Manganese has been found in at least 869 of the 1,699 current or former NPL sites. Although the total number of NPL sites evaluated for this substance is not known, the possibility exists that the number of sites at which manganese is found may increase in the future as more sites are evaluated. This information is important because these sites may be sources of exposure and exposure to this substance may harm you.When a substance is released either from a large area, such as an industrial plant, or from a container, such as a drum or bottle, it enters the environment. Such a release does not always lead to exposure. You can be exposed to a substance only when you come in contact with it. You may be exposed by breathing, eating, or drinking the substance, or by skin contact.If you are exposed to manganese, many factors will determine whether you will be harmed. These factors include the dose (how much), the duration (how long), and how you come in contact with it. You must also consider any other chemicals you are exposed to and your age, sex, diet, family traits, lifestyle, and state of health.

Toxicological Profile for Manganese

Amino acid analysis : Hydrolysis, ion-exchange cleanup, derivatization, and quantitation by gas—liquid chromatography

Nanoparticles (NPs), due to their unique physical and chemical properties, especially their minute particle size (⩽100 nm), find applications in numerous industrial, commercial and consumer products. After their end-user applications, these NPs find their way into the environment and food products. The NPs so discharged need to be quantified accurately to determine their toxicity and exposure levels. At this time, there is a need to develop a unified method for their determination. There are plenty of techniques available in the market that were initially used for colloidal particles (e.g., microscopy, spectroscopy and the recent addition of magnetic resonance), but each of these techniques has a certain degree of uncertainty. Further, sample homogeneity, sample preparation, instrument-operating procedures, and statistical practices are likely to add to the complexity of the problem. In this context, this review attempts to understand the widely-used light-scattering techniques, including their theory, practice and real-world use in determination of NPs in environmental and food applications.

Measurement of nanoparticles by light-scattering techniques

Characteristics of a novel gas chromatographic phase

The common gasoline additive (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl (MMT) can be determined down to 0.6 ppm (w/w) levels in gasoline, by using atomic emission from a simple, inexpensive, and commercially available flame photometric detector. Other manganese compounds respond to similar to MMT. Quenching caused by the carbon background is insignificant. The chemiluminescence from manganese compares favorably with signals from compounds of sulfur, phosphorus, and lead in gasoline matrices under a variety of spectral conditions. Selectivity ratios of three to six orders of magnitude can be easily obtained from Mn vis-a-vis Pb, P, S, and C in dual-channel differential modes. Any element can be suppressed and such spectral tests can be used to ascertain the identity and purity of the MMT peak.

Walter A. Aue

Papers

Characteristics of a novel gas chromatographic phase

Determination of (methylcyclopentadienyl)manganese tricarbonyl in gasolines by gas chromatography with flame photometric detection

Alternative method for bonding polymer layers to chromatographic supports

Quenching in the flame photometric detector

In situ synthesis of silicone liquid phases for chromatography