Advances in sequence stratigraphy and the development of depositional models have helped explain the origin of genetically related sedimentary packages during sea level cycles. These concepts have provided the basis for the recognition of sea level events in subsurface data and in outcrops of marine sediments around the world. Knowledge of these events has led to a new generation of Mesozoic and Cenozoic global cycle charts that chronicle the history of sea level fluctuations during the past 250 million years in greater detail than was possible from seismic-stratigraphic data alone. An effort has been made to develop a realistic and accurate time scale and widely applicable chronostratigraphy and to integrate depositional sequences documented in public domain outcrop sections from various basins with this chronostratigraphic framework. A description of this approach and an account of the results, illustrated by sea level cycle charts of the Cenozoic, Cretaceous, Jurassic, and Triassic intervals, are presented.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/235/4793/1156.full.pdf

Chronology of fluctuating sea levels since the triassic.

The role of fossils in dating the tree of life has been misunderstood. Fossils can provide good "minimum" age estimates for branches in the tree, but "maximum" constraints on those ages are poorer. Current debates about which are the "best" fossil dates for calibration move to consideration of the most appropriate constraints on the ages of tree nodes. Because fossil-based dates are constraints, and because molecular evolution is not perfectly clock-like, analysts should use more rather than fewer dates, but there has to be a balance between many genes and few dates versus many dates and few genes. We provide "hard" minimum and "soft" maximum age constraints for 30 divergences among key genome model organisms; these should contribute to better understanding of the dating of the animal tree of life.

/pdf/paleontological-evidence-to-date-the-tree-of-life-5dhwbwgnyr.pdf

Paleontological Evidence to Date the Tree of Life

The extensive work carried out during more than a decade by the International Subcommission on Ordovician Stratigraphy has resulted in a new global classification of the Ordovician System into three series and seven stages. Formal Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points (GSSPs) for all stages have been selected and these and the new stage names have been ratified by the International Commission on Stratigraphy. Based on a variety of biostratigraphic data, these new units are correlated with chronostratigraphic series and stages in the standard regional classifications used in the UK, North America, Baltoscandia, Australia, China, Siberia and the Mediterranean-North Gondwana region. Furthermore, based mainly on graptolite and conodont zones, the Ordovician is subdivided into 20 stage slices (SS) that have potential for precise correlations in both carbonate and shale facies. The new chronostratigraphic scheme is also tied to a new composite δ13C curve through the entire Ordovician.

The new chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and to δ13C chemostratigraphy

In post-Cambrian time, five events—the end-Ordovician, end-Frasnian in the Late De- vonian, end-Permian, end-Triassic, and end-Cretaceous—are commonly grouped as the ''big five'' global intervals of mass extinction. Plotted by magnitude, extinction intensities for all Phanerozoic substages show a continuous distribution, with the five traditionally recognized mass extinctions located in the upper tail. Plotted by time, however, proportional extinctions clearly divide the Phan- erozoic Eon into six stratigraphically coherent intervals of alternating high and low extinction in- tensity. These stratigraphic neighborhoods provide a temporal context for evaluating the intensity of extinction during the ''big five'' events. Compared with other stages and substages in the same neighborhood, only the end-Ordovician, end-Permian, and end-Cretaceous extinction intensities appear as outliers. Moreover, when origination and extinction are considered together, only these three of the ''big five'' events appear to have been generated exclusively by elevated extinction. Low origination contributed more than high extinction to the marked loss of diversity in the late Fras- nian and at the end of the Triassic. Therefore, whereas the ''big five'' events are clearly times when diversity suffered mass depletion, only those at the end of the Ordovician, Permian, and Cretaceous periods unequivocally qualify as globally distinct mass extinctions. Each of the three has a unique pattern of extinction, and the diversity dynamics of these events differ, as well, from the other two major diversity depletions. As mass depletions of diversity have no common effect, common cau- sation seems unlikely.

/pdf/origination-extinction-and-mass-depletions-of-marine-xm1c0ctwn2.pdf

Origination, Extinction, and Mass Depletions of Marine Diversity

▪ Abstract Near the end of the Late Ordovician, in the first of five mass extinctions in the Phanerozoic, about 85% of marine species died. The cause was a brief glacial interval that produced two pulses of extinction. The first pulse was at the beginning of the glaciation, when sea-level decline drained epicontinental seaways, produced a harsh climate in low and mid-latitudes, and initiated active, deep-oceanic currents that aerated the deep oceans and brought nutrients and possibly toxic material up from oceanic depths. Following that initial pulse of extinction, surviving faunas adapted to the new ecologic setting. The glaciation ended suddenly, and as sea level rose, the climate moderated, and oceanic circulation stagnated, another pulse of extinction occurred. The second extinction marked the end of a long interval of ecologic stasis (an Ecologic-Evolutionary Unit). Recovery from the event took several million years, but the resulting fauna had ecologic patterns similar to the fauna that had become e...

The Late Ordovician Mass Extinction

Introduction Skeletal anatomy Whole animal anatomy Taxonomy The major conodont groups Paleoecology The phylum Conodonta Evolutionary patterns Appendixes Index

The Conodonta: Morphology, Taxonomy, Paleoecology, and Evolutionary History of a Long-Extinct Animal Phylum

Integrated sequence stratigraphic, biostratigraphic, and chemostratigraphic analyses of three stratigraphic sections in central Nevada indicate that Late Ordovician glaciation-induced sea-level fall produced diachronous, stepwise faunal turnover in graptolites, conodonts, chitinozoans, and radiolarians, and also triggered a strong, but transient, positive δ13C excursion. This pattern is very different from that described for most mass extinction events.

Late Ordovician mass extinction: A new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada

A general ecologic model for conodonts as small planktonic animals, different species of which were segregated by vertical stratification, fits distributional data for several Ordovician and Devonian faunas better than an alternative model in which some types were pelagic and others benthonic or restricted to a near-shore environment. It is suggested that some stocks were at home in near-surface waters and that other, more specialized forms developed in a somewhat deeper zone.

Walter C. Sweet

Papers

The Conodonta: Morphology, Taxonomy, Paleoecology, and Evolutionary History of a Long-Extinct Animal Phylum

Late Ordovician mass extinction: A new perspective from stratigraphic sections in central Nevada

An ecologic model for conodonts

Conodont provinces and biofacies of the Late Ordovician

North American Middle and Upper Ordovician Conodont Faunas