Chapter 1 The Biosphere Chapter 2 The Anthroposphere Introduction Air Pollution Water Pollution Soil Plants Chapter 3 Soils and Soil Processes Introduction Weathering Processes Pedogenic Processes Chapter 4 Soil Constituents Introduction Trace Elements Minerals Organic Matter Organisms in Soils Chapter 5 Trace Elements in Plants Introduction Absorption Translocation Availability Essentiality and Deficiency Toxicity and Tolerance Speciation Interaction Chapter 6 Elements of Group 1 (Previously Group Ia) Introduction Lithium Rubidium Cesium Chapter 7 Elements of Group 2 (Previously Group IIa) Beryllium Strontium Barium Radium Chapter 8 Elements of Group 3 (Previously Group IIIb) Scandium Yttrium Lanthanides Actinides Chapter 9 Elements of Group 4 (Previously Group IVb) Titanium Zirconium Hafnium Chapter 10 Elements of Group 5 (Previously Group Vb) Vanadium Niobium Tantalum Chapter 11 Elements of Group 6 (Previously Group VIb) Chromium Molybdenum Tungsten Chapter 12 Elements of Group 7 (Previously Group VIIb) Manganese Technetium Rhenium Chapter 13 Elements of Group 8 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Iron Ruthenium Osmium Chapter 14 Elements of Group 9 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Cobalt Rhodium Iridium Chapter 15 Elements of Group 10 (Previously Part of Group VIII) Nickel Palladium Platinum Chapter 16 Elements of Group 11 (Previously Group Ib) Copper Silver Gold Chapter 17 Trace Elements of Group 12 (Previously of Group IIb) Zinc Cadmium Mercury Chapter 18 Elements of Group 13 (Previously Group IIIa) Boron Aluminum Gallium Indium Thallium Chapter 19 Elements of Group I4 (Previously Group IVa) Silicon Germanium Tin Lead Chapter 20 Elements of Group 15 (Previously Group Va) Arsenic Antimony Bismuth Chapter 21 Elements of Group 16 (Previously Group VIa) Selenium Tellurium Polonium Chapter 22 Elements of Group 17 (Previously Group VIIa) Fluorine Chlorine Bromine Iodine

Trace elements in soils and plants

Aquatic chemistry is becoming both a rewarding and substantial area of inquiry and is drawing many prominent scientists to its fold. Its literature has changed from a compilation of compositional tables to studies of the chemical reactions occurring within the aquatic environments. But more than this is the recognition that human society in part is determining the nature of aquatic systems. Since rivers deliver to the world ocean most of its dissolved and particulate components, the interactions of these two sets of waters determine the vitality of our coastal waters. This significant vol ume provides not only an introduction to the dynamics of aquatic chem istries but also identifies those materials that jeopardize the resources of both the marine and fluvial domains. Its very title provides its emphasis but clearly not its breadth in considering natural processes. The book will be of great value to those environmental scientists who are dedicated to keeping the resources of the hydrosphere renewable. As the size of the world population becomes larger in the near future and as the uses of materials and energy show parallel increases, the rivers and oceans must be considered as a resource to accept some of the wastes of society. The ability of these waters and the sediments below them to accommodate wastes must be assessed continually. The key questions relate to the capacities of aqueous systems to carry one or more pollutants."

Metal pollution in the aquatic environment

Fifteen or more elements present in rocks and soils normally in very small amounts are essential for plant and/or animal nutrition. By the nature of their low abundance in natural uncontaminated earth materials or plants, they are known as trace elements, minor elements or micro-nutrients. Boron, copper, iron, manganese, molybdenum, silicon, vanadium and zinc are required by plants; copper, cobalt, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, selenium and zinc by animals. In addition essential roles of arsenic, fluorine, nickel, silicon, tin and vanadium have in recent years been established in animal nutrition.

Trace Elements in Soils and Plants

Aluminum toxicity is discussed, including general effects (symptoms and physiological effects), differential aluminum tolerance in plants, beneficial effects of aluminum, and the genetic control of aluminum tolerance. Manganese and iron toxicity are discussed in the same framework. The toxicity of other metals (Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd, and Pb) is also discussed, though not as extensively as aluminum, manganese, and iron. 476 references.

The Physiology of Metal Toxicity in Plants

Chromium toxicity in plants.

An analysis of the concentrations of total mercury and methylmercuric salts in lake trout of precisely known ages from 1 to 12 years has been carried out The concentrations of both total mercury and methylmercury increased with the age of the fish The proportion of methylmercury to total mercury also increased with age

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/172/3986/951.full.pdf

Residues of total mercury and methylmercuric salts in lake trout as a function of age.

w An analytical survey of 68 elements, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) was conducted in municipal sewage sludges sampled during 1972-73 from 16 American cities using several instrumental methods. Unusually elevated concentrations of certain toxic elements were found in sludges from specific cities. Relatively high levels of gold and mercury in sludge from San Francisco possibly derived from geochemical sources. Fluorine was high in several cities which fluoridate their water. PCB's were highest in sludge from Schenectady. Municipal sewage sludges result from the treatment of city sewage wastes containing human excreta, residues from food, and sometimes lumber processing, and a galaxy of industrial chemicals. These latter chemicals may derive from the manufacture of paper, textiles, rubber, plastics, leather, paints, detergents, drugs, agricultural chemicals and electrical

http://www.adktroutguide.com/files/1976_Multielement_and_Chlorinated_Hydrocarbon_Analysis_of_Municipal_WWTP_sludge.pdf

Multielement and chlorinated hydrocarbon analysis of municipal sewage sludges of American cities

An analytical survey of 45 elements was conducted in fly ashes from 21 states in the US, using several instrumental methods. A high degree of correlation was found between the concentrations of pairs of chemically similar elements in the fly ashes and between the magnitude of gamma emission of the fly ashes and their respective concentrations o th or U. Cabbage was grown to maturity in potted soil amended with 7% w/w of the various fly ashes. The concentrations of As, B, Mo, Se and Sr in the cabbage showed a high degree of correlation with those in the fly ashes in which the plants were cultured.

National survey of elements and radioactivity in fly ashes. Absorption of elements by cabbage grown in fly ash-soil mixtures

Selenium content of Brazil nuts from two geographic locations in Brazil.

Selenium, at concentrations exceeding 200 parts per million (ppm) (dry weight), has been found in white sweet clover voluntarily growing on beds of fly ash in central New York State. Guinea pigs fed such clover concentrated selenium in their tissues. The contents of the honey stomachs of bees foraging on this seleniferous clover contained negligible selenium. Mature vegetables cultured on 10 percent (by weight) fly ash-amended soil absorbed up to 1 ppm of selenium. Fly ashes from 21 states contained total selenium contents ranging from 1.2 to 16.5 ppm. Cabbage grown on soil containing 10 percent (by weight) of these fly ashes absorbed selenium (up to 3.7 ppm) in direct proportion (correlation coefficient r = .89) to the selenium concentration in the respective fly ash. Water, aquatic weeds, algae, dragonfly nymphs, polliwogs, and tissues of bullheads and muskrats from a fly ash-contaminated pond contained concentrations of selenium markedly elevated over those of controls.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/191/4230/966.full.pdf

Walter H. Gutenmann

Papers

Residues of total mercury and methylmercuric salts in lake trout as a function of age.

Multielement and chlorinated hydrocarbon analysis of municipal sewage sludges of American cities

National survey of elements and radioactivity in fly ashes. Absorption of elements by cabbage grown in fly ash-soil mixtures

Selenium content of Brazil nuts from two geographic locations in Brazil.

Selenium in fly ash.