Deposits of clastic carbonate-dominated (calciclastic) sedimentary slope systems in the rock record have been identified mostly as linearly-consistent carbonate apron deposits, even though most ancient clastic carbonate slope deposits fit the submarine fan systems better. Calciclastic submarine fans are consequently rarely described and are poorly understood. Subsequently, very little is known especially in mud-dominated calciclastic submarine fan systems. Presented in this study are a sedimentological core and petrographic characterisation of samples from eleven boreholes from the Lower Carboniferous of Bowland Basin (Northwest England) that reveals a >250 m thick calciturbidite complex deposited in a calciclastic submarine fan setting. Seven facies are recognised from core and thin section characterisation and are grouped into three carbonate turbidite sequences. They include: 1) Calciturbidites, comprising mostly of highto low-density, wavy-laminated bioclast-rich facies; 2) low-density densite mudstones which are characterised by planar laminated and unlaminated muddominated facies; and 3) Calcidebrites which are muddy or hyper-concentrated debrisflow deposits occurring as poorly-sorted, chaotic, mud-supported floatstones. These

Phd by thesis

Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn. への投稿のすすめ

Annalen der Physik

13. 벼잎선충의 약제처리 방법별 방제 효과

Ferroelectrics are essential components in a wide range of applications, including ultrasonic transducers, sensors, and actuators. In the single crystal form, relaxor-PbTiO3 (PT) piezoelectric materials have been extensively studied due to their ultrahigh piezoelectric and electromechanical properties. In this article, a perspective and future development of relaxor-PT crystals are given. Initially, various techniques for the growth of relaxor-PT crystals are reviewed, with crystals up to 100 mm in diameter and 200 mm in length being readily achievable using the Bridgman technique. Second, the characterizations of dielectric and electromechanical properties are surveyed. Boundary conditions, including temperature, electric field, and stress, are discussed in relation to device limitations. Third, the physical origins of the high piezoelectric properties and unique loss characteristics in relaxor-PT crystals are discussed with respect to their crystal structure, phase, engineered domain configuration, macr...

/pdf/high-performance-ferroelectric-relaxor-pbtio3-single-3cp5am04w0.pdf

High performance ferroelectric relaxor-PbTiO3 single crystals: Status and perspective

Heat is transferred in superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ via a process known as thermal counterflow. It has been known for many years that above a critical heat current the superfluid component in this counterflow becomes turbulent. It has been suspected that the normal-fluid component may become turbulent as well, but experimental verification is difficult without a technique for visualizing the flow. Here we report a series of visualization studies on the normal-fluid component in a thermal counterflow performed by imaging the motion of seeded metastable helium molecules using a laser-induced-fluorescence technique. We present evidence that the flow of the normal fluid is indeed turbulent at relatively large velocities. Thermal counterflow in which both components are turbulent presents us with a theoretically challenging type of turbulent behavior that is new to physics.

Visualization Study of Counterflow in Superfluid 4He using Metastable Helium Molecules

Cryogenic flow visualization techniques have been proved in recent years to be a very powerful experimental method to study superfluid turbulence. Micron-sized solid particles and metastable helium molecules are specifically being used to investigate in detail the dynamics of quantum flows. These studies belong to a well-established, interdisciplinary line of inquiry that focuses on the deeper understanding of turbulence, one of the open problem of modern physics, relevant to many research fields, ranging from fluid mechanics to cosmology. Progress made to date is discussed, to highlight its relevance to a wider scientific community, and future directions are outlined. The latter include, e.g., detailed studies of normal-fluid turbulence, dissipative mechanisms, and unsteady/oscillatory flows.

Visualization of two-fluid flows of superfluid helium-4.

We describe a technique, using thin lines of triplet-state $\mathrm{He}_{2}^{*}$ molecular tracers created by femtosecond-laser field ionization of helium atoms, for visualizing the flow of the normal fluid in superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$, together with its application to thermal counterflow in a channel. We show that, at relatively small velocities, where the superfluid is already turbulent, the flow of the normal fluid remains laminar, but with a distorted velocity profile, while at a higher velocity there is a transition to turbulence. The form of the structure function in this turbulent state differs significantly from that found in types of conventional turbulence. This visualization technique also promises to be applicable to other fluid dynamical problems involving cryogenic helium.

Visualization of the normal-fluid turbulence in counterflowing superfluid He 4

Direct searches for light dark matter particles (mass < 10 GeV) are especially challenging because of the low energies transferred in elastic scattering to typical heavy nuclear targets. We investigate the possibility of using liquid Helium-4 as a target material, taking advantage of the favorable kinematic matching of the Helium nucleus to light dark matter particles. Monte Carlo simulations are performed to calculate the charge, scintillation, and triplet helium molecule signals produced by recoil He ions, for a variety of energies and electric fields. We show that excellent background rejection can be achieved based on the ratios between different signal channels. We also present some concepts for a liquid-helium-based dark matter detector. Key to the proposed approach is the use of a large electric field to extract electrons from the event site, and the amplification of this charge signal, through proportional scintillation, liquid electroluminescence, or roton emission. The sensitivity of the proposed detector to light dark matter particles is estimated for various electric fields and light collection efficiencies.

/pdf/concept-for-a-dark-matter-detector-using-liquid-helium-4-4k4l92iofk.pdf

Concept for a dark matter detector using liquid helium-4

Metastable helium molecules generated in a discharge near a sharp tungsten tip immersed in superfluid $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ are imaged using a laser-induced-fluorescence technique. By pulsing the tip, a small cloud of ${\mathrm{He}}_{2}^{*}$ molecules is produced. We can determine the normal-fluid velocity in a heat-induced counterflow by tracing the position of a single molecule cloud. As we run the tip in continuous field-emission mode, a normal-fluid jet from the tip is generated and molecules are entrained in the jet. A focused 910 nm pump laser pulse is used to drive a small group of molecules to the first excited vibrational level of the triplet ground state. Subsequent imaging of the tagged molecules with an expanded 925 nm probe laser pulse allows us to measure the flow velocity of the jet. The techniques we developed provide new tools in quantitatively studying the normal fluid flow in superfluid helium.

Wei Guo

Papers

Visualization Study of Counterflow in Superfluid 4He using Metastable Helium Molecules

Visualization of two-fluid flows of superfluid helium-4.

Visualization of the normal-fluid turbulence in counterflowing superfluid He 4

Concept for a dark matter detector using liquid helium-4

Metastable helium molecules as tracers in superfluid 4He.