Thereisgrowinginterestinthepossiblehealththreatposedbyendocrine-disruptingchemicals (EDCs), which are substances in our environment, food, and consumer products that interfere with hormone biosynthesis, metabolism, or action resulting in a deviation from normal homeostatic control or reproduction. In this first Scientific Statement of The Endocrine Society, we present the evidence that endocrine disruptors have effects on male and female reproduction, breast development and cancer, prostate cancer, neuroendocrinology, thyroid, metabolism and obesity, and cardiovascular endocrinology. Results from animal models, human clinical observations, and epidemiological studies converge to implicate EDCs as a significant concern to public health. The mechanisms of EDCs involve divergent pathways including (but not limited to) estrogenic, antiandrogenic, thyroid, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor , retinoid, and actions through other nuclear receptors; steroidogenic enzymes; neurotransmitter receptors and systems; and many other pathways that are highly conserved in wildlife and humans, and which can be modeled in laboratory in vitro and in vivo models. Furthermore, EDCs represent a broad class of molecules such as organochlorinated pesticides and industrial chemicals, plastics and plasticizers, fuels, and many other chemicals that are present in the environment or are in widespread use. We make a number of recommendations to increase understanding of effects of EDCs, including enhancing increased basic and clinical research, invoking the precautionary principle, and advocating involvement of individual and scientific society stakeholders in communicating and implementing changes in public policy and awareness. (Endocrine Reviews 30: 293–342, 2009)

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Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease worldwide and a potential cause of substantial morbidity and mortality in the future. The complexity and uncertainty related to the geographic distribution of HCV infection and chronic hepatitis C, determination of its associated risk factors, and evaluation of cofactors that accelerate its progression, underscore the difficulties in global prevention and control of HCV. Because there is no vaccine and no post-exposure prophylaxis for HCV, the focus of primary prevention efforts should be safer blood supply in the developing world, safe injection practices in health care and other settings, and decreasing the number of people who initiate injection drug use.

https://courses.washington.edu/conj504/readings/alter_reading3.pdf

Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection

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An Introduction To The Event Related Potential Technique

https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/78102/1/WHO_HSE_PHE_IHE_2013.1_eng.pdf

State of the Science of Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals - 2012

http://zaldlab.psy.vanderbilt.edu/resources/Publications/mtt11nbr.pdf

Reconsidering anhedonia in depression: lessons from translational neuroscience.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the different correlations of body mass index (BMI) and percent body fat (BF%) with other ethnic groups and to evaluate the appropriateness of Asia-Pacific redefining obesity criteria in the Taiwanese population The corresponding BF% to BMI cutoffs of overweight and obesity will also be studied DESIGN: A cross-sectional epidemiological survey SUBJECTS: A total of 509 male and 570 female Taiwanese subjects aged ≥20 y sampled by the systematic stratified clustering sampling method were analyzed MEASUREMENTS: BMI was obtained by body weight (kg) divided by squared body height (m2) The estimated BMI (BMIe) was deduced from the Caucasian-based four-compartment equation (4C) BF% measured by the methods of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) or Caucasian-based 4C were used and abbreviated as DXA-BF and 4C-BF, respectively RESULTS: The curvilinear relationship between age and BMI or DXA-BF was established When compared by age-stratified groups, Taiwanese subjects had a higher BF% (4C-BF) in any given BMI than Caucasians That is, the level of 4C-BF for BMI≥25 kg/m2 in Taiwanese subjects was similar to BMI≥30 kg/m2 in Caucasians The BMIe values of 25 and 30 kg/m2 were nearly equal to the BMIs of 236 and 253 kg/m2 in males, and 227 and 248 kg/m2 in females, respectively The 4C-BF of 25% was nearly equal to a BMI of 262 kg/m2 in males, and 35% was equal to a BMI of 244 kg/m2 in females Consequently, the DXA-BF cutoffs for BMIs of 23 and 25 kg/m2 were compatible to 23 and 25% in males, and 35 and 38% in females, respectively CONCLUSION: It was demonstrated that Taiwanese subjects had a relatively lower BMI but a higher BF% than Caucasians In general, the newly proposed Asia-Pacific BMI cutoffs for overweight (≥23 kg/m2) and obesity (≥25 kg/m2) may be acceptable to both male and female Taiwanese subjects The corresponding BF% (DXA-BF) cutoffs for obesity would be 25% in male and 38% in female Taiwanese subjects, respectively

Low body mass index but high percent body fat in Taiwanese subjects: implications of obesity cutoffs.

https://aasldpubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1053/jhep.2001.21163

Prevalence and significance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre-S mutants in serum and liver at different replicative stages of chronic HBV infection☆

The temporal relation of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection to the development of type 2 diabetes remains unknown. The authors followed 4,958 persons aged > or =40 years without diabetes (3,486 seronegative, 812 anti-HCV+, 116 with hepatitis B virus/HCV coinfection, and 544 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)+) from a community-wide cohort in southern Taiwan for 7 years (1997-2003) to study the risk of diabetes associated with HCV infection. A total of 474 participants developed diabetes. The 7-year cumulative incidence was 7.5% for HBsAg+, 8.6% for seronegative, 14.3% for anti-HCV+, and 14.7% for coinfected participants. Compared with HCV- persons, HCV+ persons had a higher cumulative incidence of diabetes (log-rank test, p < 0.0001). A multivariate Cox proportional hazards model showed that anti-HCV+ (hazard ratio = 1.7, 95% confidence interval: 1.3, 2.1), coinfection (hazard ratio = 1.7), overweight, obesity, and increasing age were significantly associated with diabetes (p < 0.05). Gender, educational level, HBsAg+ status, alcohol consumption, and smoking were not significant. After stratification by age and body mass index, the risk ratio for diabetes in anti-HCV+ participants increased when age decreased and body mass index levels increased (p < 0.001). Results show that HCV infection is an independent predictor of diabetes, especially for anti-HCV+ persons who are younger or have a higher body mass index.

/pdf/hepatitis-c-virus-infection-and-the-development-of-type-2-4rn719mqop.pdf

Hepatitis C Virus Infection and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in a Community-based Longitudinal Study

This study examined bone density among postmenopausal Buddhist nuns and female religious followers of Buddhism in southern Taiwan and related the measurements to subjects characteristics including age, body mass, physical activity, nutrient intake, and vegetarian practice. A total of 258 postmenopausal Taiwanese vegetarian women participated in the study. Lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) were measured using dual-photon absorptimetry. BMD measurements were analyzed first as quantitative outcomes in multiple regression analyses and next as indicators of osteopenia status in logistic regression analyses. Among the independent variables examined, age inversely and body mass index positively correlated with both the spine and femoral neck BMD measurements. They were also significant predictors of the osteopenia status. Energy intake from protein was a significant correlate of lumbar spine BMD only. Other nutrients, including calcium and energy intake from nonprotein sources, did not correlate significantly with the two bone density parameters. Long-term practitioners of vegan vegetarian were found to be at a higher risk of exceeding lumbar spine fracture threshold (adjusted odds ratio = 2.48, 95% confidence interval = 1.03-5.96) and of being classified as having osteopenia of the femoral neck (3.94, 1.21-12.82). Identification of effective nutrition supplements may be necessary to improve BMD levels and to reduce the risk of osteoporosis among long-term female vegetarians.

Long-term vegetarian diet and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women.

Background: Researchers have hypothesized that bone mineral density (BMD) may be influenced by chemical compounds such as caffeine, phytoestrogen, fluoride, and many compounds that are contained in tea extracts. Hence, the relationship between habitual tea consumption and BMD is an interesting issue. Methods: Based on an epidemiological survey, we enrolled 497 men and 540 women, 30 years and older, in our study. All subjects were questioned about their habit of tea consumption and other lifestyle characteristics by means of a structured questionnaire. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was used to measure the BMD of the total body, lumbar spine (L1-L4), hip neck, and Ward triangle regions. Results: Five hundred two subjects (48.4%) were habitual tea drinkers, with a mean duration of tea consumption of approximately 10 years. Compared with nonhabitual tea drinkers, subjects with habitual tea consumption of 6 to 10 years showed higher lumbar spine BMDs, and those with consumption of more than 10 years showed the highest BMDs of all measured regions. Under the multiple stepwise regression models, sex, age, body mass index, total physical activity, and habit of tea consumption were the major significant variables for the different BMD regions. Regarding the behavioral characteristics of tea consumption, the duration of tea consumption was the only independent determinant for the BMDs. Conclusion: Habitual tea consumption, especially for more than 10 years, has significant beneficial effects on BMD of the total body, lumbar spine, and hip regions in adults.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/articlepdf/211409/ioi10300.pdf

Wei Jen Yao

Papers

Low body mass index but high percent body fat in Taiwanese subjects: implications of obesity cutoffs.

Prevalence and significance of hepatitis B virus (HBV) pre-S mutants in serum and liver at different replicative stages of chronic HBV infection☆

Hepatitis C Virus Infection and the Development of Type 2 Diabetes in a Community-based Longitudinal Study

Long-term vegetarian diet and bone mineral density in postmenopausal Taiwanese women.

Epidemiological evidence of increased bone mineral density in habitual tea drinkers.