Sustainable development and applications of bamboo and bamboo-wood composites require better understanding and optimization of bamboo bonding. This paper provides a critical review of bamboo composite bonding in relation to wood bonding characteristics and processes. A polylamellate cell wall structure, low tissue porosity and permeability, and poor surface wettability hamper bamboo bonding with most wood adhesives. Bamboo element preparation, treatment and adhesive modification must be optimized in conjunction with more efficient material utilization and processes. Development of bond qualification standards similar to engineered wood products but tailored to stronger bamboo tissues are essential for structural bamboo composites. While phenolics are still commonly used for structural bamboo composite bonding, the industry is shifting away from formaldehyde systems. Isocyanate-based resins offer viable solutions, especially for bamboo strand composites. Changes in bamboo surface pH and wettability after industrial treatments like bleaching and pressure-steaming likely explain the variations in bonding performance with common wood adhesives. Hybrid bamboo-wood composites are promising cost-effective approaches for the engineered bamboo industry leading to viable building products. Future research subjects related to bamboo composite bonding are also discussed. 

Bamboo-based composites: A review on fundamentals and processes of bamboo bonding

Significant materials research has focused on the reduction of concrete demolition waste via reuse in recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) and the reduction in cement emissions through the use of blended binders incorporating supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs). This work is largely predicated on the assumption that the environmental impact of concrete will be reduced as a result of the inclusion of waste materials. That is, research focusing on the development of RAC mix designs has largely been conducted without parallel life-cycle assessment (LCA) to quantify the true environmental impact. Here, a LCA is conducted to quantify the global warming potential (GWP) of 590 mix designs derived from 42 studies that incorporate both recycled aggregate and a range of SCM types. The assessment considers both a volumetric functional unit and a combined volumetric and strength functional unit, the analysis also considers the absorption of atmospheric carbon via concrete carbonation both during and after service. For each type of SCM the range of predicted GWP is defined, and it is shown that substantial reductions in CO 2 equivalent emissions arise from SCM addition. Further, the use of recycled aggregate is shown to be most environmentally beneficial in lower strength concretes in which it is possible to achieve the same mechanical properties as natural aggregate concrete controls. • Life-cycle assessment of 590 mix designs containing recycled aggregate and SCMs. • Considers both a volumetric and a strength/volume functional unit. • Analysis considers absorption of atmospheric carbon. • The application of recycled aggregate is most beneficial for low strength concretes. 

Global warming potential of recycled aggregate concrete with supplementary cementitious materials

Tests were conducted of the bonding shear strength of different bamboo configurations in terms of grain direction, adhesive, and clamping pressure. The bonding shear tests were carried out ...

Shear Performance of Adhesive Bonding of Cross-Laminated Bamboo

Development of an extended STIRPAT model to assess the driving factors of household carbon dioxide emissions in China.

This paper reviews the mechanical performance of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites (BFRPs) for structural applications. Bamboo fibres are very promising reinforcements for polymer composites production due to their high aspect ratio, renewability, environmentally friendly, non-toxicity, cheap cost, non-abrasives, full biodegradability, and strong mechanical performances. Besides, bamboo has its own prospects and good potential to be used in biopolymer composites as an alternative for petroleum-based materials to be used in several advanced applications in the building and construction industry. For bamboo fibre to be reinforced with polymer, they must have good interfacial bond between the polymer, as better fibre and matrix interaction results in good interfacial adhesion between fibre/matrix and fewer voids in the composite. Several important factors to improve matrix-fibre bonding and enhance the mechanical properties of BFRP are by fibre treatment, hybridisation, lamination, and using coupling agent. Moreover, mechanical properties of BFRP are greatly influenced by few factors, such as type of fibre and matrix used, fibre-matrix adhesion, fibre dispersion, fibre orientation, composite manufacturing technique used, void content in composites, and porosity of composite. In order to better understand their reinforcing potential, the mechanical properties of this material is critically discussed in this review paper. In addition, the advantages of bamboo fibres as the reinforcing phase in polymer composites is highlighted in this review paper. Besides that, the bamboo-based products such as laminated bamboo lumber, glued-laminated bamboo, hybrid bamboo polymer composites, parallel bamboo strand lumber, parallel strand bamboo, bamboo-oriented strand board, and bamboo-scrimber have lately been developed and used in structural applications.

Mechanical performance evaluation of bamboo fibre reinforced polymer composites and its applications: a review

Life cycle assessment of recycled aggregate concrete on its environmental impacts: A critical review

Implementing lean construction techniques and management methods in Chinese projects: A case study in Suzhou, China

Effects of Mix Design and Functional Unit on Life Cycle Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: Evidence from Co2 Concrete

The trend of sustainable development has been followed more globally nowadays. There is an urgent need for ecological friendly construction materials in China since the use of concrete produces pollution and leads to inefficient use of energy. Bamboo can effectively address the sustainability trends due to: lightweight construction, little adverse impact on the environment, and anti-seismic properties. However, bamboo products utilization has been very limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility to further utilize bamboo products in the construction industry in China. A review of engineered bamboo products utilization in China, and oversees was conducted. Based on this, a survey focusing on the current situation and suitability of bamboo products was carried out to study their feasibility, and preliminary testing on bonding shear strength for different configurations are presented. The results are promising, in particular the relatively low clamping pressure of 0.6 MPa seems to be sufficient for bonding, and it is clear that engineered bamboo products have a great potential in China. However, further more comprehensive studies on the performance of the laminated bamboo are needed.

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Weiqi Xing

Papers

Life cycle assessment of recycled aggregate concrete on its environmental impacts: A critical review

Implementing lean construction techniques and management methods in Chinese projects: A case study in Suzhou, China

Shear Performance of Adhesive Bonding of Cross-Laminated Bamboo

Effects of Mix Design and Functional Unit on Life Cycle Assessment of Recycled Aggregate Concrete: Evidence from Co2 Concrete

Engineered Bamboo’s Further Application: An Empirical Study in China