Model predictive control power management strategies for HEVs: A review

A vehicle control system which can ensure high reliability, real-time processing, and expandability with a simplified ECU configuration and a low cost by backing up an error through coordination in the entire system without increasing a degree of redundancy of individual controllers beyond the least necessary level. The vehicle control system comprises a sensor controller for taking in sensor signals indicating a status variable of a vehicle and an operation amount applied from a driver, a command controller for generating a control target value based on the sensor signals taken in by the sensor controller, and an actuator controller for receiving the control target value from the command controller and operating an actuator to control the vehicle, those three controller being interconnected via a network. The actuator controller includes a control target value generating unit for generating a control target value based on the sensor signals taken in by the sensor controller and received by the actuator controller via the network when the control target value generated by the command controller is abnormal, and controls the actuator in accordance with the control target value generated by the control target value generating unit.

Vehicle Control System

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are one of the most viable technologies to achieve the goals of energy saving and environmental protection before a breakthrough in battery technology and fuel cell technology. Energy management strategy as a key technology of HEVs is studied extensively and deeply to improve the performance of HEVs and speed up the industrialization of HEVs. This paper quantitatively analyzes and evaluates current research status of energy management strategies for HEVs based on bibliometrics for the first time, through content analysis involving analysis of author keywords and abstracts. Then qualitative analysis is performed for all kinds of energy management strategies that are used in HEVs in detail, essential characteristics involving pros and cons, interconnections and improvement potential among various energy management strategies are revealed from the view of control theory. Finally, latest developing trends in energy management strategies of HEVs are presented to improve the performance of HEVs based on above quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, covering driving cycle recognition/prediction algorithms, integrated multi-objective, coordinated optimization energy management strategies, good balance between computation complexity and optimization performance of energy management strategies, fair and credible evaluation system of energy management strategies. This paper not only first provides a comprehensive analysis of energy management strategies for HEVs, but also puts forward the emphasis and orientation of future study, which will broaden relevant researchers׳ vision and promote the development of a simple and practical energy management controller with low cost and high performance for HEVs.

A comprehensive analysis of energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles based on bibliometrics

The hazardous effects of pollutants from conventional fuel vehicles have caused the scientific world to move towards environmentally friendly energy sources. Though we have various renewable energy sources, the perfect one to use as an energy source for vehicles is hydrogen. Like electricity, hydrogen is an energy carrier that has the ability to deliver incredible amounts of energy. Onboard hydrogen storage in vehicles is an important factor that should be considered when designing fuel cell vehicles. In this study, a recent development in hydrogen fuel cell engines is reviewed to scrutinize the feasibility of using hydrogen as a major fuel in transportation systems. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that can produce electricity by allowing chemical gases and oxidants as reactants. With anodes and electrolytes, the fuel cell splits the cation and the anion in the reactant to produce electricity. Fuel cells use reactants, which are not harmful to the environment and produce water as a product of the chemical reaction. As hydrogen is one of the most efficient energy carriers, the fuel cell can produce direct current (DC) power to run the electric car. By integrating a hydrogen fuel cell with batteries and the control system with strategies, one can produce a sustainable hybrid car.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/11/2296/pdf

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles; Current Status and Future Prospect

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1424878.pdf

An energy management strategy to concurrently optimise fuel consumption & PEM fuel cell lifetime in a hybrid vehicle

Optimal energy management for a series–parallel hybrid electric bus

The invention provides a parallel series type hybrid power driving system and a driving method, the engine of the driving system is connected coaxially with an ISG motor, the output shaft of the ISG motor is connected with a manual dry type clutch, the rear end of the clutch is connected with a manual gear box, the motor performs moment coupling by the coupling mechanism and the output shaft of the gear box. The driving method comprises a pure electric driving mode, a series connection driving mode, an engine driving mode, a parallel driving model, a walking vehicle charging mode, a parking charging mode and a regeneration brake energy feedback mode. The technical proposal keeps traditional vehicular structure at the max extent, and utilizes double-motor to perform optimization of working points of engine, so that the engine can run stably in high-efficiency low-emission area. The invention is particularly suitable for urban low-speed bus operation in working condition.

Series-parallel type hybrid power-driven system and drive method

This paper aims to present the configuration design approach and the energy management strategy (EMS) of a series-parallel hybrid electric transit bus (SPHEB) jointly developed by Shanghai Automotive Industry Co Ltd (SAIC) and Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China A major feature of this SPHEB is that a novel manual transmission is designed to switch the powertrain configuration between series and parallel types To reduce the fuel consumption as well as sustain the battery state of charge, an EMS including seven energy flow modes is designed and applied to this SPHEB Governed by this EMS, the engine is maintained to operate in high efficiency regions The experimental test carried on the transit bus city driving cycle is described and analyzed The experimental results demonstrate the technical feasibility and fuel economy of this approach

Configuration design, energy management and experimental validation of a novel series-parallel hybrid electric transit bus

Regenerative braking is an important function for a hybrid electric bus with many stop-to-go drive conditions. Yet an accurate nonlinear model for the composite brake system in HEV and a nonlinear model-based control design for a series-parallel hybrid electric bus have not been fully studied. This paper describes the brake system with regenerative braking function, and a special brake pedal is applied in this brake system. A hybrid electric bus is inherently a nonlinear system with many uncertainties. Parameter estimation design is used to improve the effect introduced by the parametric uncertainties. The backstepping-based controller design technique is introduced with the estimated parameters, and the error dynamics is separated from the parameter adaptation. Experimental data are used for the demonstration simulation. The simulated output shows a good tracking performance of the practical braking vehicle speed, and the bus can stop at a bus station by regenerative braking. The effectiveness of the proposed controller design is illustrated with the adaptive system parameters.

Effective regenerative braking control for smooth stop of a hybrid electric bus

The concept of electro-mechanical coupling unit is proposed in this paper. As the elementary component of the system, three typical types of basic coupling units applied in hybrid electrical vehicle are analyzed including fixed-shaft transmission mechanism, planetary gear mechanism and floating-stator electrical machine. By analyzing the block diagrams and deriving the parameters relationship of practical applications, the conclusion is derived that compound electromechanical coupling system is constructed by coupling units and the total coupling effect of the system is the addition of respective units in cascade sequence. The units operate in determinate mode without interfere within each other.

Weiwei Xiong

Papers

Optimal energy management for a series–parallel hybrid electric bus

Series-parallel type hybrid power-driven system and drive method

Configuration design, energy management and experimental validation of a novel series-parallel hybrid electric transit bus

Effective regenerative braking control for smooth stop of a hybrid electric bus

Mode analysis of electro-mechanical coupling system adopted in hybrid electric vehicle