Model predictive control power management strategies for HEVs: A review

A vehicle control system which can ensure high reliability, real-time processing, and expandability with a simplified ECU configuration and a low cost by backing up an error through coordination in the entire system without increasing a degree of redundancy of individual controllers beyond the least necessary level. The vehicle control system comprises a sensor controller for taking in sensor signals indicating a status variable of a vehicle and an operation amount applied from a driver, a command controller for generating a control target value based on the sensor signals taken in by the sensor controller, and an actuator controller for receiving the control target value from the command controller and operating an actuator to control the vehicle, those three controller being interconnected via a network. The actuator controller includes a control target value generating unit for generating a control target value based on the sensor signals taken in by the sensor controller and received by the actuator controller via the network when the control target value generated by the command controller is abnormal, and controls the actuator in accordance with the control target value generated by the control target value generating unit.

Vehicle Control System

Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are one of the most viable technologies to achieve the goals of energy saving and environmental protection before a breakthrough in battery technology and fuel cell technology. Energy management strategy as a key technology of HEVs is studied extensively and deeply to improve the performance of HEVs and speed up the industrialization of HEVs. This paper quantitatively analyzes and evaluates current research status of energy management strategies for HEVs based on bibliometrics for the first time, through content analysis involving analysis of author keywords and abstracts. Then qualitative analysis is performed for all kinds of energy management strategies that are used in HEVs in detail, essential characteristics involving pros and cons, interconnections and improvement potential among various energy management strategies are revealed from the view of control theory. Finally, latest developing trends in energy management strategies of HEVs are presented to improve the performance of HEVs based on above quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis, covering driving cycle recognition/prediction algorithms, integrated multi-objective, coordinated optimization energy management strategies, good balance between computation complexity and optimization performance of energy management strategies, fair and credible evaluation system of energy management strategies. This paper not only first provides a comprehensive analysis of energy management strategies for HEVs, but also puts forward the emphasis and orientation of future study, which will broaden relevant researchers׳ vision and promote the development of a simple and practical energy management controller with low cost and high performance for HEVs.

A comprehensive analysis of energy management strategies for hybrid electric vehicles based on bibliometrics

The hazardous effects of pollutants from conventional fuel vehicles have caused the scientific world to move towards environmentally friendly energy sources. Though we have various renewable energy sources, the perfect one to use as an energy source for vehicles is hydrogen. Like electricity, hydrogen is an energy carrier that has the ability to deliver incredible amounts of energy. Onboard hydrogen storage in vehicles is an important factor that should be considered when designing fuel cell vehicles. In this study, a recent development in hydrogen fuel cell engines is reviewed to scrutinize the feasibility of using hydrogen as a major fuel in transportation systems. A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that can produce electricity by allowing chemical gases and oxidants as reactants. With anodes and electrolytes, the fuel cell splits the cation and the anion in the reactant to produce electricity. Fuel cells use reactants, which are not harmful to the environment and produce water as a product of the chemical reaction. As hydrogen is one of the most efficient energy carriers, the fuel cell can produce direct current (DC) power to run the electric car. By integrating a hydrogen fuel cell with batteries and the control system with strategies, one can produce a sustainable hybrid car.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/11/2296/pdf

Hydrogen Fuel Cell Vehicles; Current Status and Future Prospect

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1424878.pdf

An energy management strategy to concurrently optimise fuel consumption & PEM fuel cell lifetime in a hybrid vehicle

Optimal energy management for a series–parallel hybrid electric bus

Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for the design and verification of the control system of a series–parallel hybrid electric city-bus

The invention provides a parallel series type hybrid power driving system and a driving method, the engine of the driving system is connected coaxially with an ISG motor, the output shaft of the ISG motor is connected with a manual dry type clutch, the rear end of the clutch is connected with a manual gear box, the motor performs moment coupling by the coupling mechanism and the output shaft of the gear box. The driving method comprises a pure electric driving mode, a series connection driving mode, an engine driving mode, a parallel driving model, a walking vehicle charging mode, a parking charging mode and a regeneration brake energy feedback mode. The technical proposal keeps traditional vehicular structure at the max extent, and utilizes double-motor to perform optimization of working points of engine, so that the engine can run stably in high-efficiency low-emission area. The invention is particularly suitable for urban low-speed bus operation in working condition.

Series-parallel type hybrid power-driven system and drive method

The invention discloses a mixed power car drive system of a plugging type integrated starting generator in the technical field of vehicle engineering; wherein, an engine is coaxially connected with the integrated starting generator; the integrated starting generator is connected with the driving disc of an automatic clutch; the automatic clutch is connected with a planetary pearing by a drive motor; the planetary pearing is respectively connected with the drive motor and a main reducer-differential mechanism; the main reducer-differential mechanism is connected with a wheel by a drive axle; a power battery is respectively connected with a motor controller and an external power plug by cables; the motor controller is respectively connected with the integrated starting generator and the drive motor by cables; the outer gear ring of the planetary pearing is fixedly connected with a car frame; the invention maintains the traditional vehicle structure to the utmost extent and carries out optimization on the working points of the engine by a double-motor to lead the engine to run stably in an area with high efficiency and low discharge; the system of the invention is especially suitable for the operation of urban low speed bus working condition.

Plug-in type integrated actuating electric generator hybrid power car driving system

This paper aims to present the configuration design approach and the energy management strategy (EMS) of a series-parallel hybrid electric transit bus (SPHEB) jointly developed by Shanghai Automotive Industry Co Ltd (SAIC) and Shanghai Jiao Tong University (SJTU), China A major feature of this SPHEB is that a novel manual transmission is designed to switch the powertrain configuration between series and parallel types To reduce the fuel consumption as well as sustain the battery state of charge, an EMS including seven energy flow modes is designed and applied to this SPHEB Governed by this EMS, the engine is maintained to operate in high efficiency regions The experimental test carried on the transit bus city driving cycle is described and analyzed The experimental results demonstrate the technical feasibility and fuel economy of this approach

Yong Zhang

Papers

Optimal energy management for a series–parallel hybrid electric bus

Hardware-in-the-loop simulation for the design and verification of the control system of a series–parallel hybrid electric city-bus

Series-parallel type hybrid power-driven system and drive method

Plug-in type integrated actuating electric generator hybrid power car driving system

Configuration design, energy management and experimental validation of a novel series-parallel hybrid electric transit bus