다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

[신간의 별자리x] 우리/미술, 그리고 ‘슬픔의 박물관’

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Recent Advances in Zn-Ion Batteries

Although current high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have taken over the commercial rechargeable battery market, increasing concerns about limited lithium resources, high cost, and insecurity of organic electrolyte scale-up limit their further development. Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), an alternative battery chemistry, have paved the way not only for realizing environmentally benign and safe energy storage devices but also for reducing the manufacturing costs of next-generation batteries. This Review underscores recent advances in aqueous ZIBs; these include the design of a highly reversible Zn anode, optimization of the electrolyte, and a wide range of cathode materials and their energy storage mechanisms. We also present recent advanced techniques that aim at overcoming the current issues in aqueous ZIB systems. This Review on the future perspectives and research directions will provide a guide for future aqueous ZIB study.

Recent Advances in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Rechargeable aqueous Zn-ion batteries are attractive cheap, safe and green energy storage technologies but are bottlenecked by limitation in high-capacity cathode and compatible electrolyte to achieve satisfactory cyclability. Here we report the application of nonstoichiometric ZnMn2O4/carbon composite as a new Zn-insertion cathode material in aqueous Zn(CF3SO3)2 electrolyte. In 3 M Zn(CF3SO3)2 solution that enables ∼100% Zn plating/stripping efficiency with long-term stability and suppresses Mn dissolution, the spinel/carbon hybrid exhibits a reversible capacity of 150 mAh g–1 and a capacity retention of 94% over 500 cycles at a high rate of 500 mA g–1. The remarkable electrode performance results from the facile charge transfer and Zn insertion in the structurally robust spinel featuring small particle size and abundant cation vacancies, as evidenced by combined electrochemical measurements, XRD, Raman, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy, FTIR, and NMR analysis. The results would enlighten and pr...

Cation-Deficient Spinel ZnMn2O4 Cathode in Zn(CF3SO3)2 Electrolyte for Rechargeable Aqueous Zn-Ion Battery.

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries are highly desirable for grid-scale applications due to their low cost and high safety; however, the poor cycling stability hinders their widespread application Herein, a highly durable zinc-ion battery system with a Na2V6O16·163H2O nanowire cathode and an aqueous Zn(CF3SO3)2 electrolyte has been developed The Na2V6O16·163H2O nanowires deliver a high specific capacity of 352 mAh g–1 at 50 mA g–1 and exhibit a capacity retention of 90% over 6000 cycles at 5000 mA g–1, which represents the best cycling performance compared with all previous reports In contrast, the NaV3O8 nanowires maintain only 17% of the initial capacity after 4000 cycles at 5000 mA g–1 A single-nanowire-based zinc-ion battery is assembled, which reveals the intrinsic Zn2+ storage mechanism at nanoscale The remarkable electrochemical performance especially the long-term cycling stability makes Na2V6O16·163H2O a promising cathode for a low-cost and safe aqueous zinc-ion battery

Highly Durable Na2V6O16·1.63H2O Nanowire Cathode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery

As an alternative system of rechargeable lithium ion batteries, sodium ion batteries revitalize researchers’ interest due to the low cost, abundant sodium resources, and similar storage mechanism to lithium ion batteries. VS4 has emerged as a promising anode material for SIBs due to low cost and its unique linear chains structure that can offer potential sites for sodium storage. Herein, we present the growth of VS4 on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as SIBs anode for the first time. The VS4/rGO anode exhibits promising performance in SIBs. It delivers a reversible capacity of 362 mAh g–1 at 100 mA g–1 and a good rate performance. We also investigate the sodium storage behavior of the VS4/rGO. Different than most transition metal sulfides, the VS4/rGO composite experiences a three-step separation mechanism during the sodiation process (VS4 to metallic V and Na2S, then the electrochemical mechanism is akin to Na–S). The VS4/rGO composite proves to be a promising material for rechargeable SIBs.

Vanadium Sulfide on Reduced Graphene Oxide Layer as a Promising Anode for Sodium Ion Battery.

The deployment of renewable energy technologies critically depends on the low-cost and scalable energy storage systems. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), which have revolutionized and dominated the market of portable electronics, are emerging as one of the most encouraging choices as reliable energy storage device.[1–3] Nevertheless, the transition from portable electronics to electric vehicles (EVs) and smart grid still requires a substantial improvement in current-level energy and power density of LIBs. Therefore, pursuing novel electrode materials with high theoretical capacity becomes of great importance.[4] In the case of anode materials, alloy anode materials have triggered paramount research interests due to their high theoretical capacities and safe operation potential.[5–10] Among them, antimony (Sb) is regarded as a promising candidate because of its high theoretical capacity of 660 mA h g−1, low polarization (≈0.2 V), and suitable working voltage (0.8–0.9 V vs Li+/Li).[5] Additionally, Sb is also an attractive anode material for sodiumion batteries (SIBs), which are brought as a substitute or even a replacement to LIBs concerning the limited lithium resource.[11] In spite of the above-mentioned merits, the relative low conductivity and large volume expansion of Sb eventually result in the particle pulverization and loss of electrical contact along with rapid capacity decay, which severely restrict its practical longterm application.[12–16] In recent years, much efforts have been made to address the inferior electrochemical performance issues by designing novel architectures (such as nanowire arrays[17] or hollow structure[18–20]) or introducing carbonaceous materials to enhance the conductivity.[21–38] For instance, Liu et al. recently synthesized hollow Sb@C yolk–shell spheres as anode materials by a new nanoconfined galvanic replacement method, showing much improved electrochemical performance in both LIBs and SIBs.[20] Wang et al. demonstrated that the oxygen-deficient TiO2 could work as a perfect interface material for high-performance Sb anode, and the achieved double-wall crystalline Sb@ amorphous TiO2−x nanotubes displayed a reversible capacity of 300 mA h g−1 after 1000 cycles at 2.64 A g−1 in SIBs.[29] Another worth-mentioning work accomplished by Lou and coworkers is to design and construct Sb@C coaxial nanotubes, Antimony (Sb) has emerged as an attractive anode material for both lithium and sodium ion batteries due to its high theoretical capacity of 660 mA h g−1. In this work, a novel peapod-like N-doped carbon hollow nanotube encapsulated Sb nanorod composite, the so-called nanorod-in-nanotube structured Sb@N-C, via a bottom-up confinement approach is designed and fabricated. The N-doped-carbon coating and thermal-reduction process is monitored by in situ high-temperature X-ray diffraction characterization. Due to its advanced structural merits, such as sufficient N-doping, 1D conductive carbon coating, and substantial inner void space, the Sb@N-C demonstrates superior lithium/ sodium storage performance. For lithium storage, the Sb@N-C exhibits a high reversible capacity (650.8 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1), excellent long-term cycling stability (a capacity decay of only 0.022% per cycle for 3000 cycles at 2 A g−1), and ultrahigh rate capability (343.3 mA h g−1 at 20 A g−1). For sodium storage, the Sb@N-C nanocomposite displays the best long-term cycle performance among the reported Sb-based anode materials (a capacity of 345.6 mA h g−1 after 3000 cycles at 2 A g−1) and an impressive rate capability of up to 10 A g−1. The results demonstrate that the Sb@N-C nanocomposite is a promising anode material for high-performance lithium/sodium storage.

Bottom-Up Confined Synthesis of Nanorod-in-Nanotube Structured Sb@N-C for Durable Lithium and Sodium Storage

DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201901469 further development.[2] Hence, exploring novel approaches to achieve more efficient energy storage is highly demanded. Recently, aqueous batteries are attracting unprecedented attention particularly owing to their high safety, high ion conductivity, low cost, and environmental friendliness.[3] To date, numerous aqueous batteries based on Li+, Na+, K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, Al3+, Fe3+, and/or mixed metal ions as charge carriers have been reported,[4] which find potential applications in fields such as grid-scale energy storage, wearable devices, and etc.[5] Among them, as a promising candidate, the rechargeable aqueous Zn-based batteries (AZBs) including Zn-ion batteries (mild electrolyte),[6] Zn–Co/Ag/ Ni alkaline batteries[7] and Zn–air batteries in alkaline electrolyte[8] have been extensively studied due to their unparalleled advantages of Zn anode. In general, metal Zn has the features of high theoretical capacity (820 mAh g−1), high electrical conductivity, nontoxicity, easy processing, and suitable redox potential (−0.76 V vs standard hydrogen electrode).[9] However, most of AZBs reported so far have encountered the same challenges, which are the narrow voltage window, unsatisfactory capacity, and poor cycling performance.[10] For example, all Zn-ion batteries operated in mild electrolyte including Zn//V-based, Zn//Mn-based, and Zn//Prussian blue analogs-based hold a narrow voltage window of 0.3–1.6, 0.9–1.8, and 0.2–1.8 V, respectively.[11] Even though AZBs in alkaline electrolyte display a higher voltage than that achieved in mild medium, their voltage windows are still only about 1.2–1.9 V.[12] Meanwhile, the alkaline electrolytes show stronger corrosion than mild neutral electrolytes, which greatly limit their wide applications. Moreover, the unstable cycling performance in AZBs due to the Zn dendrites and side reaction on the surface of Zn anode is also unsatisfactory.[10] To date, the electrolyte optimization or structural design are the common ways to suppress the growth of Zn dendrite and improve the cycling stability. For example, Chen and co-workers reported that aqueous electrolyte Zn(CF3SO3)2 can suppress the formation of detrimental dendrites in AZBs owing to the better reversibility and faster kinetics of Zn deposition/dissolution than that in ZnSO4 electrolyte.[13] However, Zn(CF3SO3)2 is too expensive (≈$ 8.1 g−1, prices from Sigma-Aldrich) to be applied With the increasing energy crisis and environmental pollution, rechargeable aqueous Zn-based batteries (AZBs) are receiving unprecedented attention due to their list of merits, such as low cost, high safety, and nontoxicity. However, the limited voltage window, Zn dendrites, and relatively low specific capacity are still great challenges. In this work, a new reaction mechanism of reversible Mn2+ ion oxidation deposition is introduced to AZBs. The assembled Mn2+/Zn2+ hybrid battery (Mn2+/Zn2+ HB) based on a hybrid storage mechanism including Mn2+ ion deposition, Zn2+ ion insertion, and conversion reaction of MnO2 can achieve an ultrawide voltage window (0–2.3 V) and high capacity (0.96 mAh cm−2). Furthermore, the carbon nanotubes coated Zn anode is proved to effectively inhibit Zn dendrites and control side reaction, hence exhibiting an ultrastable cycling (33 times longer than bare Zn foil) without obvious polarization. Benefiting from the optimal Zn anode and highly reversible Mn2+/Zn2+ hybrid storage mechanism, the Mn2+/Zn2+ HB shows an excellent cycling performance over 11 000 cycles with a 100% capacity retention. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, it is the highest reported cycling performance and wide voltage window for AZBs with mild electrolyte, which may inspire a great insight into designing high-performance aqueous batteries.

Wen Luo

Papers

Highly Durable Na2V6O16·1.63H2O Nanowire Cathode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery

Vanadium Sulfide on Reduced Graphene Oxide Layer as a Promising Anode for Sodium Ion Battery.

Bottom-Up Confined Synthesis of Nanorod-in-Nanotube Structured Sb@N-C for Durable Lithium and Sodium Storage

A Novel Dendrite‐Free Mn2+/Zn2+ Hybrid Battery with 2.3 V Voltage Window and 11000‐Cycle Lifespan

Novel layered iron vanadate cathode for high-capacity aqueous rechargeable zinc batteries.