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Recent Advances in Zn-Ion Batteries

Although current high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have taken over the commercial rechargeable battery market, increasing concerns about limited lithium resources, high cost, and insecurity of organic electrolyte scale-up limit their further development. Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs), an alternative battery chemistry, have paved the way not only for realizing environmentally benign and safe energy storage devices but also for reducing the manufacturing costs of next-generation batteries. This Review underscores recent advances in aqueous ZIBs; these include the design of a highly reversible Zn anode, optimization of the electrolyte, and a wide range of cathode materials and their energy storage mechanisms. We also present recent advanced techniques that aim at overcoming the current issues in aqueous ZIB systems. This Review on the future perspectives and research directions will provide a guide for future aqueous ZIB study.

Recent Advances in Aqueous Zinc-Ion Batteries

Zinc-ion batteries built on water-based electrolytes featuring compelling price-points, competitive performance, and enhanced safety represent advanced energy storage chemistry as a promising alternative to current lithium-ion battery systems. Attempts to develop rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) can be traced to as early as the 1980s; however, since 2015, the research activity in this field has surged throughout the world. Despite the achievements made in exploring electrode materials so far, significant challenges remain at the material level and even on the whole aqueous ZIBs system, leading to the failure of ZIBs to meet commercial requirements. This review aims to discuss how to pave the way for developing aqueous ZIBs. The current research efforts related to aqueous ZIBs electrode materials and electrolytes are summarized, including an analysis of the problems encountered in both cathode/anode materials and electrolyte optimization. Some concerns and feasible solutions for achieving practical aqueous ZIBs are discussed in detail. We would like to point out that merely improving the electrode materials is not enough; synergistic optimization strategies toward the whole battery system are also deeply needed. Finally, some perspectives are provided on the subsequent optimization design for further research efforts in the aqueous ZIB field.

Issues and opportunities facing aqueous zinc-ion batteries

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries are highly desirable for grid-scale applications due to their low cost and high safety; however, the poor cycling stability hinders their widespread application Herein, a highly durable zinc-ion battery system with a Na2V6O16·163H2O nanowire cathode and an aqueous Zn(CF3SO3)2 electrolyte has been developed The Na2V6O16·163H2O nanowires deliver a high specific capacity of 352 mAh g–1 at 50 mA g–1 and exhibit a capacity retention of 90% over 6000 cycles at 5000 mA g–1, which represents the best cycling performance compared with all previous reports In contrast, the NaV3O8 nanowires maintain only 17% of the initial capacity after 4000 cycles at 5000 mA g–1 A single-nanowire-based zinc-ion battery is assembled, which reveals the intrinsic Zn2+ storage mechanism at nanoscale The remarkable electrochemical performance especially the long-term cycling stability makes Na2V6O16·163H2O a promising cathode for a low-cost and safe aqueous zinc-ion battery

Highly Durable Na2V6O16·1.63H2O Nanowire Cathode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery

Aqueous zinc-ion batteries attract increasing attention due to their low cost, high safety, and potential application in stationary energy storage. However, the simultaneous realization of high cycling stability and high energy density remains a major challenge. To tackle the above-mentioned challenge, we develop a novel Zn/V2O5 rechargeable aqueous hybrid-ion battery system by using porous V2O5 as the cathode and metallic zinc as the anode. The V2O5 cathode delivers a high discharge capacity of 238 mAh g–1 at 50 mA g–1. 80% of the initial discharge capacity can be retained after 2000 cycles at a high current density of 2000 mA g–1. Meanwhile, the application of a “water-in-salt” electrolyte results in the increase of discharge platform from 0.6 to 1.0 V. This work provides an effective strategy to simultaneously enhance the energy density and cycling stability of aqueous zinc ion-based batteries.

Zn/V2O5 Aqueous Hybrid-Ion Battery with High Voltage Platform and Long Cycle Life.

The high theoretical capacity and natural abundance of SiO2 make it a promising high-capacity anode material for lithium-ion batteries. However, its widespread application is significantly hampered by the intrinsic poor electronic conductivity and drastic volume variation. Herein, a unique hollow structured Ni/SiO2 nanocomposite constructed by ultrafine Ni nanoparticle (≈3 nm) functionalized SiO2 nanosheets is designed. The Ni nanoparticles boost not only the electronic conductivity but also the electrochemical activity of SiO2 effectively. Meanwhile, the hollow cavity provides sufficient free space to accommodate the volume change of SiO2 during repeated lithiation/ delithiation; the nanosheet building blocks reduce the diffusion lengths of lithium ions. Due to the synergistic effect between Ni and SiO2, the Ni/SiO2 composite delivers a high reversible capacity of 676 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1. At a high current density of 10 A g−1, a capacity of 337 mA h g−1 can be retained after 1000 cycles.

Ultrafine Nickel-Nanoparticle-Enabled SiO2 Hierarchical Hollow Spheres for High-Performance Lithium Storage

Sodium-ion battery has captured much attention due to the abundant sodium resources and potentially low cost. However, it suffers from poor cycling stability and low diffusion coefficient, which seriously limit its widespread application. Here, K3V2(PO4)3/C bundled nanowires are fabricated usinga facile organic acid-assisted method. With a highly stable framework, nanoporous structure, and conductive carbon coating, the K3V2(PO4)3/C bundled nanowires manifest excellent electrochemical performances in sodium-ion battery. A stable capacity of 119 mAh g−1 can be achieved at 100 mA g−1. Even at a high current density of 2000 mA g−1, 96.0% of the capacity can be retained after 2000 charge–discharge cycles. Comparing with K3V2(PO4)3/C blocks, the K3V2(PO4)3/C bundled nanowires show significantly improved cycling stability. This work provides a facile and effective approach to enhance the electrochemical performance of sodium-ion batteries.

Xiujuan Wei

Papers

Highly Durable Na2V6O16·1.63H2O Nanowire Cathode for Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery

Zn/V2O5 Aqueous Hybrid-Ion Battery with High Voltage Platform and Long Cycle Life.

Ultrafine Nickel-Nanoparticle-Enabled SiO2 Hierarchical Hollow Spheres for High-Performance Lithium Storage

Novel K3V2(PO4)3/C Bundled Nanowires as Superior Sodium-Ion Battery Electrode with Ultrahigh Cycling Stability

Aqueous Zn//Zn(CF3SO3)2//Na3V2(PO4)3 batteries with simultaneous Zn2+/Na+ intercalation/de-intercalation