Freedom of design, mass customisation, waste minimisation and the ability to manufacture complex structures, as well as fast prototyping, are the main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing. A comprehensive review of the main 3D printing methods, materials and their development in trending applications was carried out. In particular, the revolutionary applications of AM in biomedical, aerospace, buildings and protective structures were discussed. The current state of materials development, including metal alloys, polymer composites, ceramics and concrete, was presented. In addition, this paper discussed the main processing challenges with void formation, anisotropic behaviour, the limitation of computer design and layer-by-layer appearance. Overall, this paper gives an overview of 3D printing, including a survey on its benefits and drawbacks as a benchmark for future research and development.

Additive manufacturing (3D printing): A review of materials, methods, applications and challenges

Additive manufacturing of PLA structures using fused deposition modelling: Effect of process parameters on mechanical properties and their optimal selection

Learning Deconvolution Network for Semantic Segmentation

Composites have been found to be the most promising and discerning material available in this century. Presently, composites reinforced with fibers of synthetic or natural materials are gaining more importance as demands for lightweight materials with high strength for specific applications are growing in the market. Fiber-reinforced polymer composite offers not only high strength to weight ratio, but also reveals exceptional properties such as high durability; stiffness; damping property; flexural strength; and resistance to corrosion, wear, impact, and fire. These wide ranges of diverse features have led composite materials to find applications in mechanical, construction, aerospace, automobile, biomedical, marine, and many other manufacturing industries. Performance of composite materials predominantly depends on their constituent elements and manufacturing techniques, therefore, functional properties of various fibers available worldwide, their classifications, and the manufacturing techniques used to fabricate the composite materials need to be studied in order to figure out the optimized characteristic of the material for the desired application. An overview of a diverse range of fibers, their properties, functionality, classification, and various fiber composite manufacturing techniques is presented to discover the optimized fiber-reinforced composite material for significant applications. Their exceptional performance in the numerous fields of applications have made fiber-reinforced composite materials a promising alternative over solitary metals or alloys.

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Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: Manufacturing, Properties, and Applications.

Materials and structures with negative Poisson's ratio exhibit a counter-intuitive behaviour. Under uniaxial compression (tension), these materials and structures contract (expand) transversely. The materials and structures that possess this feature are also termed as 'auxetics'. Many desirable properties resulting from this uncommon behaviour are reported. These superior properties offer auxetics broad potential applications in the fields of smart filters, sensors, medical devices and protective equipment. However, there are still challenging problems which impede a wider application of auxetic materials. This review paper mainly focuses on the relationships among structures, materials, properties and applications of auxetic metamaterials and structures. The previous works of auxetics are extensively reviewed, including different auxetic cellular models, naturally observed auxetic behaviour, different desirable properties of auxetics, and potential applications. In particular, metallic auxetic materials and a methodology for generating 3D metallic auxetic materials are reviewed in details. Although most of the literature mentions that auxetic materials possess superior properties, very few types of auxetic materials have been fabricated and implemented for practical applications. Here, the challenges and future work on the topic of auxetics are also presented to inspire prospective research work. This review article covers the most recent progress of auxetic metamaterials and auxetic structures. More importantly, several drawbacks of auxetics are also presented to caution researchers in the future study.

Auxetic metamaterials and structures: a review

3D printing provides an innovative manufacturing method for composite materials. The mechanical property is vital for understanding the performance of 3D printed material and needs to be further studied. In this paper, the elasticity and yielding performance of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) material created by 3D printing is investigated and the effect of printing orientation on mechanical property is quantitatively evaluated with experiments. Due to the layer by layer process procedure, 3D printed materials behave with anisotropic property. According to this characteristic, a transversely isotropic model is put forward in form of constitutive equations and is compared with isotropic model. Considering the influence of printing orientation, isotropic and anisotropic elastic and yielding model are established. The printed materials with different printing orientations are applied in uniaxial tensile tests. The material parameters, meaning the Young’s modulus, Possion’s ratio and yielding stress are determined by experiments. The results show that the printed ABS material has the Young’s modules as 2400 MPa, Poisson’s ratio as 0.37 and yielding stress as 26.84 MPa as isotropic material when the influence of printing orientation is neglected. Parameters for anisotropic model are also given and the model is recommended if the better precision concerning printing orientations is required. The obtained material parameters can be used in the mechanical simulation of 3D printed objects. The established isotropic and anisotropic models are basic findings to describe mechanical property of printed materials and can be expanded to other materials produced by 3D printing.

Isotropic and anisotropic elasticity and yielding of 3D printed material

The objective of this work is to develop KH550-treated basalt fiber (KBF) reinforced polylactide (PLA) composite as a potential 3D-printed feedstock. Herein, physical (thermal, mechanical, and rheological) properties and the feasibility of PLA/KBF for 3D printing are investigated. KBF is found to be oriented-dispersed along the printing direction in printed specimen, in contrast with randomly-distributed KBF in casting counterparts. Mechanical tests, rheological behavior and microstructure observation of PLA/KBF filaments are performed to compare with carbon fiber (CF) reinforced counterparts with the same fiber weight fraction. The results suggest that PLA/KBF exhibit comparable tensile properties and superior flexural properties to those of PLA/CF control, which can be attributed to high complex viscosity of PLA/CF affecting the interlayer adhesion. Furthermore, the printing feasibility of PLA/KBF filaments are evaluated. With increasing fiber length and weight fraction of KBF, low infill and micro-defects are shown in CT scans, which explain the deterioration in mechanical performance. The present work proves PLA/KBF as a mechanical-improved and low-cost feedstock for 3D printing applications in complex design and variable sizes.

Development of short basalt fiber reinforced polylactide composites and their feasible evaluation for 3D printing applications

Investigation of processing parameters on tensile performance for FDM-printed carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites

Energy-dissipating structures are widely used in automotive and aerospace engineering. Novel design for energy-dissipating structures using gradient auxetic cellular material is proposed. The structure is built by layers of auxetic cellular units with varying heights. Compared with cellular structure with uniformly sized cells, the gradient structure has lower resistant force together with better energy absorption ability. A crash box for low-speed collision is designed with the proposed pattern. Optimisation to minimise the mass of crash box with constrains on the crash-resistant force and energy absorption is conducted. Validations with standard collision tests are carried out and results show the obtained structure with gradient auxetic cellular structure passes the test and performs effectively as an energy dissipating structure.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13588265.2017.1328764

Wenbin Hou

Papers

Isotropic and anisotropic elasticity and yielding of 3D printed material

Development of short basalt fiber reinforced polylactide composites and their feasible evaluation for 3D printing applications

Investigation of processing parameters on tensile performance for FDM-printed carbon fiber reinforced polyamide 6 composites

Design of energy-dissipating structure with functionally graded auxetic cellular material

Explicit isogeometric topology optimization using moving morphable components