We survey recent developments in the design of large-capacity content-addressable memory (CAM). A CAM is a memory that implements the lookup-table function in a single clock cycle using dedicated comparison circuitry. CAMs are especially popular in network routers for packet forwarding and packet classification, but they are also beneficial in a variety of other applications that require high-speed table lookup. The main CAM-design challenge is to reduce power consumption associated with the large amount of parallel active circuitry, without sacrificing speed or memory density. In this paper, we review CAM-design techniques at the circuit level and at the architectural level. At the circuit level, we review low-power matchline sensing techniques and searchline driving approaches. At the architectural level we review three methods for reducing power consumption.

https://www.pagiamtzis.com/pubs/pagiamtzis-jssc2006.pdf

Content-addressable memory (CAM) circuits and architectures: a tutorial and survey

Fundamental Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless Networking and Mobile Computing Azzedine Boukerche Wireless Communication and Mobile Computing Azzedine Boukerche, Antonio A.F. Loureiro, Geraldo R. Mateus, Jose Marcos S. Nogueira, and Linnyer B. Ruiz MAC PROTOCOLS AND SCHEDULING STRATEGIES IN WIRELESS NETWORKS Medium Access Control (MAC) Protocols for Wireless Networks Distributed Channel Access Scheduling for Ad Hoc Networks Lichun Bao and J.J. Garcia-Luna-Aceves Multiple Access Protocols and Scheduling Algorithms for Multiple Channel Wireless Networks Aniruddha Rangnekar, Chonggang Wang, Krishna M. Sivalingam, and Bo Li Multichannel MAC Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Asis Nasipuri and Samir R. Das ROUTING PROTOCOLS AND LOCATION AWARENESS STRATEGIES IN WIRELESS NETWORKS Distributed Algorithms for Some Fundamental Problems in Ad Hoc Mobile Environments Sotiris Nikoletseas and Paul Spirakis Routing and Traversal via Location Awareness in Ad Hoc Networks Evangelos Kranakis and Ladislav Stacho Ad Hoc Routing Protocols Kai-Wei Fan, Sha Liu, and Prasun Sinha Cluster-Based and Power-Aware Routing in Wireless Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Tarek Sheltami and Hussein T. Mouftah Broadcasting and Topology Control in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Xiang-Yang Li and Ivan Stojmenovic Cross-Layer Optimization for Energy-Efficient Information Processing and Routing Yang Yu and Viktor K. Prasanna Modeling Cellular Networks for Mobile Telephony Services Marco Ajmone Marsan and Michela Meo Location Information Services in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Tracy Camp Geographic Services for Wireless Networks Karim Seada and Ahmed Helmy Location Management Algorithms Based on Biologically Inspired Techniques Riky Subrata and Albert Y. Zomaya Location Privacy Andreas Gorlach, Andreas Heinemann, Wesley W. Terpstra, and Max Muhlhauser RESOURCE ALLOCATION AND MANAGEMENT IN WIRELESS NETWORKS Radio Resource Management Algorithms in Wireless Cellular Networks Nidal Nasser and Hossam Hassanein Resource Allocation and Call Admission Control in Mobile Wireless Networks Xiang Chen, Wei Liu, and Yuguang Fang Distributed Channel Allocation Protocols for Wireless and Mobile Networks Azzedine Boukerche, Tingxue Huang, and Tom Jacob MOBILITY AND LOCATION MANAGEMENT IN WIRELESS NETWORKS Adaptive Mobility Management in Wireless Cellular Networks Sajal K. Das Mobility Control and Its Applications in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Jie Wu and Fei Dai Self-Organization Algorithms for Wireless Networks Carlos M.S. Figueiredo, Eduardo F. Nakamura, and Antonio A.F. Loureiro Power Management in Mobile and Pervasive Computing Systems G. Anastasi, M. Conti, and A. Passarella Collision Avoidance, Contention Control, and Power Saving in IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs Luciano Bononi and Lorenzo Donatiello QOS IN WIRELESS NETWORKS QoS Enhancements of the Distributed IEEE 802.11 Medium Access Control Protocol Kenan Xu, Hossam Hassanein, and Glen Takahara QoS Support in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Mohammed Al-Kahtani and Hussein T. Mouftah QoS Provisioning in Multi-Class Multimedia Wireless Networks Mona El-Kadi Rizvi and Stephan Olariu TCP STUDIES IN WIRELESS NETWORKS TCP Studies in Wireless Networks Sonia Fahmy, Ossama Younis, Venkatesh Prabhakar, and Srinivas R. Avasarala TCP Developments in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Stylianos Papanastasiou, Mohamed Ould-Khaoua, and Lewis M. MacKenzie ALGORITHMS AND PROTOCOLS FOR BLUETOOTH WIRELESS PAN Intra-Piconet Polling Algorithms in Bluetooth Jelena Misic and Vojislav B. Misic A Survey of Scatternet Formation Algorithms for Bluetooth Wireless Personal Area Networks Vincent W.S. Wong, Chu Zhang, and Victor C.M. Leung Bluetooth Voice Access Networks Yun Wu and Terence D. Todd NTP VoIP Test Bed: A SIP-Based Wireless VoIP Platform Quincy Wu, Whai-En Chen, Ai-Chun Pang, Yi-Bing Lin, and Imrich Chlamta Cross-Layer Algorithms for Video Transmission over Wireless Networks G. Ding, Bharat Bhargava, and X. Wu WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS Wireless Sensor Network Protocols Mark A. Perillo and Wendi B. Heinzelman Information Fusion Algorithms for Wireless Sensor Networks Eduardo F. Nakamura, Carlos M.S. Figueiredo, and Antonio A.F. Loureiro Node Activity Scheduling Algorithms in Wireless Sensors Networks Di tian and Nicolas D. Georganas Distributed Collaborative Computation in Wireless Sensor Systems Mitali Singh and Viktor K. Prasanna SECURITY ISSUE IN WIRELESS NETWORKS Security Architectures in Wireless LANs Ray Hunt and Jenne Wong Security in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Hongmei Deng and Dharma P. Agrawal Field-Based Motion Coordination in Pervasive Computing Scenarios Marco Mamei and Franco Zambonelli Technical Solutions for Mobile Commerce Upkar Varshney

/pdf/handbook-of-algorithms-for-wireless-networking-and-mobile-29uwj63cpy.pdf

Handbook of Algorithms for Wireless Networking and Mobile Computing

Litters of domestic piglets show strong sibling competition, large differences among litter-mates in birth weight and rate of growth, and, in the absence of human intervention, a high mortality rate. This combination of traits suggests that pigs are using a reproductive strategy similar to that of certain bird species which produce one or more small 'spare' young whose death or survival is determined by sibling competition. Death through competition is natural in such species. Prevention of death requires the early identification and separate rearing of unsuccessful competitors. The major behavioural pathways leading to piglet deaths are considered to be malnutrition through unsuccessful suckling behaviour, and crushing of piglets by the sow. Crushing involves two distinct behavioural sequences: posterior crushing (beneath the sow's hind quarters) and ventral crushing (beneath the udder and rib cage). Farrowing crates are designed to prevent posterior but not ventral crushing. Malnourished piglets appear to be more vulnerable to crushing, perhaps because persistent suckling attempts cause them to spend more time near the sow. Prevention of crushing thus requires a reduction in malnutrition, not merely restriction of the sow's movements. Under certain conditions, dehydration may be an important but neglected aspect of malnutrition. Some litters of piglets have much higher death losses than others, presumably because of risk factors that apply to the litter as a whole. Early malnutrition, resulting from hypogalactia in the sow in the first days after farrowing, appears to be an important risk factor. Farrowing difficulties leading to piglet hypoxia during the birth process may be another. Risk factors that affect whole litters deserve greater emphasis in future research.

/pdf/behavioural-perspectives-on-piglet-survival-42vssk5e49.pdf

Behavioural perspectives on piglet survival

A method and system for acquiring information related to a transponder (RFID tag 40) read by a mobile telephone 60 comprising a RFID reader 80, and an identification and authentication module (SIM card 90) . When the RFID reader has read the data from the RFID tag 40, the identifier and the content data is processed and transmitted to a local network for further processing and delivery of supplementary information linked to the RFID tag 40. The SIM card comprises a Wlan transmitter, and transmitting of the identifier is via the WLAN.

Mobile phone with rfid reader and wlan transmitter integrated on sim card

A user-centric and context-aware solution to interface management and access network selection in heterogeneous wireless environments

Typically, high-end routers/switches classify a packet by looking for multiple fields of the IP/TCP headers and recognize which flow the packet belongs to. Several packet classification algorithms to accelerate packet processing and reduce the memory requirement have been proposed. But it is not easy to implement these algorithms in hardware to lookup these multiple fields in the same time. This paper intends to design a novel packet classification engine capable of simultaneously processing multi-field searching, especially for the IPv6 packets with relative longer addresses (128 bits). To classify the IPv6 packets in wire-speed, the CLM (CAM-Like Memory)-based hardware architecture is considered and five fields (source IPv6 address, destination IPv6 address, source port, destination port, and protocol) are designed as the searching key. Evaluation results indicate that compared with the typical market leading delivering search engines, the proposed hardware architecture provides a 30% speed-up performance. A compact method is also provided to compress the bit-width required to represent the multi-field of an IPv6 packet. This saves the memory space required for the IPv6 rule table for about 20%.

Design of multi-field IPv6 packet classifiers using ternary CAMs

The Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) provides many great features, such as sufficient addressing space, mobility, and security; MIPv6 is one of the most important protocols for next generation mobile Internet. Simultaneously, with the rapid improvement of wireless technologies, the real-time multi-media IP services such as video on demand, videoconference, interactive games, IP telephony and video IP phone will be delivered in the near future. Thus, to furnish accurate QoS for real-time services is one of the most important thing in the next generation mobile Internet. Although RSVP, which is a resource reservation protocol, processes signaling messages to establish QoS paths between senders and receivers, RSVP was originally designed for stationary networks and not aware of the mobility of MNs. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel RSVP extension to support real-time services in Hierarchical Mobile IPv6 (HMIPv6) environments. For intra-site mobility, the concept of QoS Agent (QA) is proposed to handle the RSVP QoS update messages and provide the advanced reservation models for real-time services. For inter-site mobility, IP multicast can help to invite inter-site QAs to make pre-reservation and minimize the service disruption caused by re-routing the data path during handover. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme over HMIPv6 is more suitable for real-time services than the famous RSVP tunnel-based solution.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1023/A:1026022325876.pdf

RSVP extensions for real-time services in hierarchical mobile IPv6

Voice over IP is one of the most popular applications in broadband access networks. It is anticipated that the characteristics of call holding times (CHTs) for VoIP calls will be quite different from traditional phone calls. This article analyzes the CHTs for mobile VoIP calls based on measured data collected from commercial operation. Previous approaches directly used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) test to derive the CHT distributions, which may cause inaccuracy. In this article we propose a new approach to derive the CHT distributions for mobile VoIP calls and other call types. Specifically, our approach uses hazard rate to select an appropriate distribution, and then utilizes the K-S test to validate our selection. We show that the mobile VoIP CHT distribution can be accurately approximated by a mix of two log-normal distributions. Based on the derived distributions, we compare the mobile VoIP CHTs with those for non-VoIP calls and fixed-network VoIP calls. Our study indicates that the characteristics for mobile VoIP calls are quite different from those of the non-VoIP mobile phone calls and are more close to those of fixed-network phone calls.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/10182/1/000251032100004.pdf

Modeling VoIP Call Holding Times for Telecommunications

IP multimedia core network subsystem (IMS) provides presence service for universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS). In IMS, the presence server is responsible for notifying an authorized watcher of the updated presence information. If the updates occur more frequently than the accesses of the watcher, the presence server will generate many notifications. This paper uses a weakly consistent scheme (called delayed update) to reduce the notification traffic. In this scheme, a delayed timer is defined to control the notification rate. We propose an analytic model and simulation experiments to investigate the performance of delayed update. The study indicates that delayed update can effectively reduce the notification traffic without significantly degrading the valid access probability.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/6999/1/000268107400062.pdf

A weakly consistent scheme for IMS presence service

This paper proposes wireless LAN (WLAN)-based GPRS Support Node (WGSN), as a solution for integrating Third Generation (3G) and WLAN services. We show that the 3G mechanisms can be re-used for WLAN user authentication and network access without introducing new procedures and without modifying the existing 3G network components. We describe the WGSN features and show how they are designed and implemented. To reduce the power consumption and computation complexity of a mobile station (MS), the WGSN applications may not be activated in the MS if they are not used. For an MS-terminated application, a push mechanism is implemented in WGSN, which automatically activates the application at the MS side. An analytic model is proposed to investigate the requirements on the WGSN transmission delay of the push operation. A WGSN prototype has been implemented in the Industrial Technology Research Institute and National Chiao-Tung University Joint Research Center.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/26589/1/000222123400003.pdf

Whai-En Chen

Papers

Design of multi-field IPv6 packet classifiers using ternary CAMs

RSVP extensions for real-time services in hierarchical mobile IPv6

Modeling VoIP Call Holding Times for Telecommunications

A weakly consistent scheme for IMS presence service

WGSN: WLAN-based GPRS Support Node with Push Mechanism