There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

[1] We present a global tabulation of black carbon (BC) and primary organic carbon (OC) particles emitted from combustion. We include emissions from fossil fuels, biofuels, open biomass burning, and burning of urban waste. Previous ‘‘bottom-up’’ inventories of black and organic carbon have assigned emission factors on the basis of fuel type and economic sector alone. Because emission rates are highly dependent on combustion practice, we consider combinations of fuel, combustion type, and emission controls and their prevalence on a regional basis. Central estimates of global annual emissions are 8.0 Tg for black carbon and 33.9 Tg for organic carbon. These estimates are lower than previously published estimates by 25–35%. The present inventory is based on 1996 fuel-use data, updating previous estimates that have relied on consumption data from 1984. An offset between decreased emission factors and increased energy use since the base year of the previous inventory prevents the difference between this work and previous inventories from being greater. The contributions of fossil fuel, biofuel, and open burning are estimated as 38%, 20%, and 42%, respectively, for BC, and 7%, 19%, and 74%, respectively, for OC. We present a bottom-up estimate of uncertainties in source strength by combining uncertainties in particulate matter emission factors, emission characterization, and fuel use. The total uncertainties are about a factor of 2, with uncertainty ranges of 4.3–22 Tg/yr for BC and 17–77 Tg/yr for OC. Low-technology combustion contributes greatly to both the emissions and the uncertainties. Advances in emission characterization for small residential, industrial, and mobile sources and topdown analysis combining field measurements and transport modeling with iterative inventory development will be required to reduce the uncertainties further. INDEX TERMS: 0305 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Aerosols and particles (0345, 4801); 0322 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Constituent sources and sinks; 0345 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Pollution—urban and regional (0305); 0360 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Transmission and scattering of radiation; 0365 Atmospheric Composition and Structure: Troposphere—composition and chemistry; KEYWORDS: emission, black carbon, organic carbon, fossil fuel, biofuel, biomass burning

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A technology-based global inventory of black and organic carbon emissions from combustion

and Fuels Changzhi Li,† Xiaochen Zhao,† Aiqin Wang,† George W. Huber,†,‡ and Tao Zhang*,† †State Key Laborotary of Catalysis, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China ‡Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of WisconsinMadison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States

Catalytic Transformation of Lignin for the Production of Chemicals and Fuels

Hydrothermal technologies are broadly defined as chemical and physical transformations in high-temperature (200–600 °C), high-pressure (5–40 MPa) liquid or supercritical water. This thermochemical means of reforming biomass may have energetic advantages, since, when water is heated at high pressures a phase change to steam is avoided which avoids large enthalpic energy penalties. Biological chemicals undergo a range of reactions, including dehydration and decarboxylation reactions, which are influenced by the temperature, pressure, concentration, and presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Several biomass hydrothermal conversion processes are in development or demonstration. Liquefaction processes are generally lower temperature (200–400 °C) reactions which produce liquid products, often called “bio-oil” or “bio-crude”. Gasification processes generally take place at higher temperatures (400–700 °C) and can produce methane or hydrogen gases in high yields.

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Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: A review of sub- and supercritical water technologies

The use of equilibrium expressions for sorption to natural particles in fate and transport models is often invalid due to slow kinetics. This paper reviews recent research into the causes of slow sorption and desorption rates at the intraparticle level and how this phenomenon relates to contaminant transport, bioavailability, and remediation. Sorption kinetics are complex and poorly predictable at present. Diffusion limitations appear to play a major role. Contending mechanisms include diffusion through natural organic matter matrices and diffusion through intraparticle nanopores. These mechanisms probably operate simultaneously, but the relative importance of each in a given system is indeterminate. Sorption shows anomalous behaviors that are presently not well explained by the simple diffusion models, including concentration dependence of the slow fraction, distributed rate constants, and kinetic hysteresis. Research is needed to determine whether adsorption/desorption bond energies may play a role alon...

Mechanisms of Slow Sorption of Organic Chemicals to Natural Particles

Review: Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options By Jefferson W. Tester …[et al.]. Reviewed by Umar Karim Mirza Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Pakistan Jefferson W. Tester, Elisabeth M. Drake, Michael J. Driscoll, Michael W. Golay and William A. Peters. Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005. 872 pp. ISBN: 0-262-20153-4, US$78.00 (cloth). Alkaline paper. All the authors of Sustainable Energy are associated with MIT. Jefferson W. Tester is H. P. Meissner Professor of Chemical Engineering, Elisabeth M. Drake is Associate Director of the Energy Laboratory, Emeritus, Michael J. Driscoll is Professor of Nuclear Engineering, Emeritus, Michael W. Golay is Professor of Nuclear Engineering, and William A. Peters is Executive Director of the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies. The book gives a detailed overview of energy resources available today, their economic evaluation and the technologies to exploit them. Some of the emerging technologies are also presented. A detailed account of the effects of energy use on environment and energy sustainability is given as well. Chapter 1 defines sustainable energy as the engine of sustainable development. The second chapter gives an idea about estimation and evaluation of energy resources. Units of measurement are discussed and difference forms of energy are compared as well. Chapter 3 elaborates thermodynamics and transport of heat energy. Local, regional, and global environmental effects of energy are described in Chapter 4. Adverse effects as well as benefits are discussed. Economic evaluation of energy projects is provided in Chapter 5. The next chapter gives an account of energy systems and sustainability metrics. Chapter 7 focuses on fossil energy while Chapter 8 gives a description of nuclear energy. Chapters 9 through 15 discuss renewable energy in general as well as various specific types. The following chapter treats energy storage, transportation, and distribution. Electric power sector description is discussed in Chapter 17. Chapters 18 through 20 present energy use in transportation, industry, and commercial and residential buildings. Synergistic complex systems are illustrated in Chapter 21. The last chapter describes the options we have and offers a few questions as well. Lists of conversion factors and acronyms, and a useful index follow. While mostly descriptive in nature, this book does touch the mathematical side of things when necessary. Every chapter is followed by references for

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Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options

The homogeneous vapor phase cracking of newly formed wood pyrolysis tar was studied at low molar concentrations as a function of temperature (773 - 1.073 K), at residence times of 0.9 - 2.2 s. Tar conversions ranged from about 5 to 88%. The tars were generated by low heating rate (0.2 K/s) pyrolysis of --2 cm deep beds of sweet gum hardwood, and then rapidly conveyed to an adjacent reactor for controlled thermal treatment. Quantitative yields and kinetics were obtained for tar cracking and resulting product formation. The major tar conversion product was carbon monoxide, which accounted for over two-thirds of the tar lost at high severities. Corresponding ethylene and methane yields were each about 10% of the converted tar. Coke formation was negligible and weight-average tar molecular weight declined with increasing tar conversion.

Product yields and kinetics from the vapor phase cracking of wood pyrolysis tars

Previous research at M.I.T. on coal pyrolysis in inert gas and in hydrogen was based on the measurement of coal weight loss, referred to as volatiles yield. The work is now being extended to include volatiles composition measurements and elemental analysis of the char for the same ranges of experimental conditions covered in the previous study. To this end, the previous apparatus has been modified to permit the collection and analysis of volatiles. This paper presents the first set of composition data, for lignite pyrolysis, and some initial interpretations of pyrolysis behavior in the light of the products formed. The pyrolysis of pulverized Montana lignite by time-resolved measurement of the yields and compositions of products formed under controlled temperature-time histories was studied in a captive sample apparatus. The yields of water, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and hydrocarbon gases and light liquids were determined by gas chromatography. The yields of all the volatile products increase monotonically with temperature and approach asymptotic values at the higher temperatures.

Product Composition and Kinetics of Lignite Pyrolysis

Yields, composition, and rates of evolution of major products from batch pyrolysis of predried sweet gum hardwood were measured for the temperature range 600-1400 K under 5 psig of helium, at heating rates and residence times at final temperature of 1000 K/s and 0 s, respectively. Approximately 100-mg layers of 45-88 ..mu.. m wood powder, thinly spread on a hot stage, were heated, so that volatiles residence times at elevated temperatures were minimized. Total weight loss increased strongly with temperature to an asymptote of 93% at 1100 K. Tar is the major pyrolysis product above 800 K. It exhibits a maximum yield of 55 weight % at 900 K and declines to an asymptote of 46 weight % at 1300 K. Secondary cracking of the tar is significant above 900 K and contributes substantially to the yields of CO, CH/sub 4/, C/sub 2/H/sub 4/, and other light gases. Carbon monoxide dominates the gas produced above 850 K and attains an asymptote of 17 weight % above 1300 K. A single-reaction first-order decomposition model describes well the global rates of evolution of most major products except tar. However, the data imply that most products are evolved by more complex kinetic pathways.

Product compositions and kinetics in the rapid pyrolysis of sweet gum hardwood

Systematic studies of the independent effects of temperature (300-1100/sup 0/C), solids residence time (0-30 s), and heating rate (less than equivalent to 100-15000/sup 0/C/s) on the yields, compositions, and rates of formation of products from the rapid pyrolysis of 0.0101 cm thick sheets of cellulose under 5 psig pressure of helium have been performed. The experiments mainly probe the primary decomposition of the cellulose, with contributions from post-pyrolysis reactions being confined to those occuring within and closely proximate to the sample. Temperature and sample residence time are the most important reaction conditions in determining the pyrolysis behavior, while heating rate effects are explicable in terms of their influence on these two parameters. A heavy liquid product of complex molecular composition accounted for 40 to 83 wt % of the volatiles above 400/sup 0/C. Secondary cracking of this material increased with increasing residence time or temperature and was a significant pathway for producing several light gases. 9 refs.

William A. Peters

Papers

Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options

Product yields and kinetics from the vapor phase cracking of wood pyrolysis tars

Product Composition and Kinetics of Lignite Pyrolysis

Product compositions and kinetics in the rapid pyrolysis of sweet gum hardwood

Product compositions and kinetics for rapid pyrolysis of cellulose