Showing papers in "Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Process Design and Development in 1982"
1,373 citations
446 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the solubilities of H/sub 2/S and CO 2 /S in 1.0, 2.0 and 4.28 kmol/m/sup 3/ aqueous solutions of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) for temperature and acid-gas partial pressures ranging from 100/sup 0/ to 250/Sup 0/F and 0.001 to 8600 kPa, respectively.
Abstract: The University of Alberta measured the solubilities of H/sub 2/S and CO/sub 2/ in 1.0, 2.0, and 4.28 kmol/m/sup 3/ aqueous solutions of methyldiethanolamine (MDEA) for temperature and acid-gas partial pressures ranging from 100/sup 0/ to 250/sup 0/F and 0.001 to 8600 kPa, respectively, used the procedure presented by Kent and Eisenberg to correlate the solubility data, and, calculated enthalpies of solution from the experimental results. Aqueous solutions of MDEA are attractive solvents for the selective removal of H/sub 2/S from process streams containing CO/sub 2/ and hydrocarbons.
272 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of temperature, solids residence time, and heating rate on the yields, compositions, and rates of formation of products from the rapid pyrolysis of 0.0101 cm thick sheets of cellulose under 5 psig pressure of helium have been performed.
Abstract: Systematic studies of the independent effects of temperature (300-1100/sup 0/C), solids residence time (0-30 s), and heating rate (less than equivalent to 100-15000/sup 0/C/s) on the yields, compositions, and rates of formation of products from the rapid pyrolysis of 0.0101 cm thick sheets of cellulose under 5 psig pressure of helium have been performed. The experiments mainly probe the primary decomposition of the cellulose, with contributions from post-pyrolysis reactions being confined to those occuring within and closely proximate to the sample. Temperature and sample residence time are the most important reaction conditions in determining the pyrolysis behavior, while heating rate effects are explicable in terms of their influence on these two parameters. A heavy liquid product of complex molecular composition accounted for 40 to 83 wt % of the volatiles above 400/sup 0/C. Secondary cracking of this material increased with increasing residence time or temperature and was a significant pathway for producing several light gases. 9 refs.
199 citations
160 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the enthalpy-direction factor diagram is proposed for energy and exergy analysis of chemical process systems focusing on the exchange of energy between energy-donating processes and the energy-accepting ones.
Abstract: The enthalpy-direction factor diagram is proposed for energy and exergy analysis of chemical process systems. Focusing on the exchange of energy between the energy-donating processes and the energy-accepting ones, this diagram makes it possible to analyze systematically the effect of the distributed parameters of the process. Various kinds of exergy annihilation caused by heat exchange, reaction, and so forth are obtained as the area on it. It is compared to the structured energy-exergy flow diagram (SPEED). The latter focusses on the transformation of exergy among the processes and is developed to analyze hierarchical structure of the process system on the lumped-parameter basis. It is shown that the latter diagram is appropriate for exergy integration tasks to compose the skeleton of the hierarchical system structure and the former is suitable for energy integratio tasks to polish it up.
150 citations
116 citations
TL;DR: Greminger and King as mentioned in this paper presented a presentation at the American Institute of Chemical Engineering Conference, Philadelphia, PA, June 8-12, 1980 SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF PHENOLS FROM WATER LP,WRENCE BERv
Abstract: LBL-10480 To be presented at the American Institute of Chemical Engineering Conference, Philadelphia, PA, June 8-12, 1980 SOLVENT EXTRACTION OF PHENOLS FROM WATER LP,WRENCE BERv
110 citations
95 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a model of the FT synthesis in the slurry phase is developed based on first-order rate expression for hydrogen consumption but considers all relevant hydrodynamic phenomena, and the parameters involved in the model equations were estimated from literature correlations and recent experimental results.
Abstract: A model of the FT synthesis in the slurry phase is being developed. It is based on first-order rate expression for hydrogen consumption but considers all relevant hydrodynamic phenomena. The parameters involved in the model equations were estimated from literature correlations and recent experimental results. The basic set of operational conditions was that applied in the Rheinpreussen-Koppers demonstration plant. The computations show that liquid solid mass transfer resistances and catalyst settling can be neglected in larger diameter columns. Gas-liquid mass transfer limitations are also small as long as conventional catalysts and favorable gas velocities are applied. The simulated results are in general agreement with practical experience. 52 refs.
90 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption separation process of xylene isomers on molecular sieves has been investigated by performing a set of breakthrough curves, for both adaption and desorption processes.
Abstract: The adsorption separation process of xylene isomers on molecular sieves has been investigated by performing a set of breakthrough curves, for both adsorption and desorption processes. Different columns with one, two, and four adsorbable components have been considered. The mentioned experimental data have been simulated by means of a mathematical model in which the material balances of all the components present in the system are stated. The solution of the model equations has been pursued by means of the orthogonal collocation method, while the parameters involved in the model have been evaluated either through available correlations or independent experiments.
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption of xylene isomers on completely potassium exchanged Y zeolite has been investigated with the Langmuir and Fowler isotherms, and the obtained experimental data have been interpreted by means of a kinetic model in which the role of inter-and intraphase diffusion processes are emphasized.
Abstract: The adsorption of xylene isomers on completely potassium exchanged Y zeolite has been investigated. The adsorption equilibrium data for single components and mixtures have been described with the Langmuir and Fowler isotherms. The kinetics of adsorption of the different components on zeolite pellets and powder have also been studied. The obtained experimental data have been interpreted by means of a kinetic model in which the role of inter-and intraphase diffusion processes are emphasized.
TL;DR: In this paper, a kinetic study on the gasification of Brazilian mineral coal with steam using a thermobalance was performed, and the experimental results were well described by the unreacted core model above 850°C and by the continuous model below this temperature.
Abstract: This work reports on a kinetic study on the gasification of Brazilian mineral coal with steam using a thermobalance. The coal is a high ash content (>50 wt %) subbituminous, run of mine coal (Charqueadas). Isothermal runs were made at temperatures between 800 and 1000/degree/C and at atmospheric pressure, using -14 +20 mesh Tyler size particles. The coal was devolatilized before the gasification. Initially, the influence of the particle size of coal and the flow of steam were studied in order to determine if diffusive effects are important. For certain conditions these effects are negligible and chemical reaction is the rate controlling step. The experimental results are well described by the unreacted core model above 850/degree/C and by the continuous model below this temperature. The gaseous products were determined at different times and temperatures and contained essentially H/sub 2/, CO, and CO/sub 2/. Comparison of the results with other data published shows that this coal is highly reactive. 15 refs.
TL;DR: In this paper, Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis was studied on a specially prepared Mn/Fe catalyst in the slurry phase, and the experimental conversion data, rate constants for overall synthesis gas conversion were calculated.
Abstract: Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis was studied on a specially prepared Mn/Fe catalyst in the slurry phase. Compared to classical K promoted Fe precipitation catalysts, the Mn/Fe catalyst gives higher yields of C/sub 2/ to C/sub 4/ olefins, i.e., about 60 g/Nm/sup 3/ synthesis gas converted. The product slate follows the Schulz-Flory distribution and is little influenced by operational conditions. From the experimental conversion data, rate constants for overall synthesis gas conversion were calculated. 47 refs.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the applicability of existing physical property correlations to coal-derived liquids and found that the existing correlations are generally satisfactory for the temperature and pressure dependence of density but are unsatisfactory for the viscosity and surface tension of coal derived liquids.
Abstract: Density, viscosity, and surface tension of coal liquids have been experimentally determined at temperatues up to 850/degree/F and pressures up to 3200 psia. Measurements were made on liquids produced with the Exxon Donor Solvent process from Illinois and Wyoming coals. Several measurements were also made to determine the effect of dissolved hydrogen on the physical properties of coal liquids. These data were used to investigate the applicability of the existing physical property correlations to coal-derived liquids. Results indicate that the existing correlations are generally satisfactory for the temperature and pressure dependence of density but are unsatisfactory for the viscosity and surface tension of coal-derived liquids. 27 refs.
TL;DR: A review of previous slurry reactor studies with an iron catalyst shows values of..cap alpha.. calculated from literature data on light products to vary from 0.55 to 0.94.
Abstract: The product distribution by carbon number on iron catalysts is well characterized by the chain growth probability factor ..cap alpha.. from the Flory equation. A review of previous slurry reactor studies with an iron catalyst shows values of ..cap alpha.. calculated from literature data on light products to vary from 0.55 to 0.94. They are very sensitive to alkali content of the catalyst, reaction temperature to a lesser extent, and are relatively unaffected by pressure and gas composition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the thermodynamic aspects of the reaction process and the analysis of the coals before and after the electrochemical reaction and found that coal, lignite and peat residues partially consumed by anodic oxidation indicates that the oxygen content of these materials is increased, and the volatile matter and hydrogen content is lowered.
Abstract: The authors describe their work on the 'coal-assisted electrolysis of water', investigating the thermodynamic aspects of the reaction process and the analysis of the coals before and after the electrochemical reaction. Thermodynamic considerations suggest that energy efficiencies greater than about 50% should be attainable by reaction at operating potentials lower than about 0.7V. Analysis of coal, lignite and peat residues partially consumed by anodic oxidation indicates that the oxygen content of these materials is increased, and the volatile matter and hydrogen content is lowered. The heating values of all the samples are lowered by anodic oxidation. The selectivity of the reaction for different components of the solid fuels seems to be influenced by whether the reaction is potentiostatic or galvanostatic. It is not yet clear whether 100% conversion of the coal can be achieved by anodic oxidation.
TL;DR: In this paper, the adsorption separation process of xylene isomers on zeolites with pulse feed has been investigated, in which the following variables have been explored: flow rate, temperature, pulse content and number of adsorbable components.
Abstract: The adsorption separation process of xylene isomers on zeolites with pulse feed has been investigated. Experimental runs have been performed in which the following variables have been explored: flow rate, temperature, pulse content, and number of adsorbable components. Two mathematical model have been formulated to describe the mentioned experimental data. The former implies the statement of the balance equations of the different components which have been numerically solved. The latter has been derived through a modification of the chromatographic theory in order to account for internal diffusion and adsorption equilibrium. The model parameters evaluated from breakthrough experiments proved to be reliable for simulating the pulse experiments.
TL;DR: Significant liquefaction catalysis by pyrite was observed for both Elkhorn No. 3 and Kentucky No. 9 coals as mentioned in this paper, where coal conversion and oil yield increased on addition of 10% pyrites to the feed slurry.
Abstract: Significant liquefaction catalysis by pyrite was observed for both Elkhorn No. 3 and Kentucky No. 9 coals. For both coals conversion and oil yield increased on addition of 10% pyrite to the feed slurry. Oil yields increased from 27.3 to 41.0% for Elkhorn No. 3 and from 15.3 to 34.9% for Kentucky No. 9. Gas yields increased slightly for Elkhorn No. 3 and were essentially unchanged for Kentucky No. 9. Hydrogen consumption, after correction for the increased hydrogen sulfide make, was likewise favorable. Sulfur contents in the residual SRC material increased in both cases. Solvent hydrogen content remained constant in the presence of pyrite, whereas it decreased significantly in the absence of pyrite. Solvent in the presence of pyrite without any coal present showed little change at process conditions. 19 refs.
TL;DR: Bonner's theory for the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria of polymer solutions has been modified in this article, where a new equation of state and corresponding vapor liquid equilibrium equation are proposed.
Abstract: Bonner's theory for the prediction of vapor-liquid equilibria of polymer solutions has been modified. A new equation of state and corresponding vapor-liquid equilibrium equation are proposed. Good results have been obtained for mixtures of nonpolar and moderately polar compounds, containing polymers and subcritical or supercritical solvents. Predictions can be based on a single measurement of the infinite dilution activity coefficient or Henry's Law constant to determine a single interaction parameter for the mixture. Reliable calculations also can be made for the complete concentration range up to the highest vapor pressures. Vaporization of polymer also can be included in the calculations. 32 references.