Tellurite glass: a new candidate for fiber devices

Part 1 General Tables Part 1 covers the fundamentals of the physics of condensed matter. Fundamental physical constants are qualitatively described and recently recommended numerical values are presented. A short review of The International System of Units (SI) is given and the concepts of base physical quantities and derived physical quantities on which the SI is founded is explained. A number of non-SI units which are still in use are also discussed. Periodic solids, which represent the major proportion of condensed matter are used to introduce briefly the basics of modern crystallography. A coherent introduction to the formalism required is given and the basic concepts and technical terms are briefly explained. 1.1 The Fundamental Constants 1.2 The International System of Units 1.3 Rudiments of Crystallography Part 2 The Elements Part 2 The Elements provides tables of the physical and physicochemical properties of the elements. Emphasis is placed on properties of the elements in the condensed state. The tables are structured according to the Periodic Table. Most of the tables deal with the properties of elements of one particular group of the Periodic Table. Only the elements of the first period (hydrogen and helium), the lanthanides, and the actinides are arranged according to the periods. This synoptic representation is intended to provide a transparent overview of the trends in the data. Part 3 Classes of Materials Part 3 Classes of Materials starts with the selective treatment of metals that are applied as base and alloying elements of metallic materials. According to common usage, the treatment of metallic materials is based on single elements and of groups of metals with common dominating features. The next class of materials discussed are ceramics. Detailed groupings and definitions of technical ceramics are given and traditional ceramics and cements, silicate ceramics, refractory ceramics, oxide ceramics, and non-oxide ceramics are treated. The physical and physicochemical properties of those polymers, copolymers, and polymer blends which are widely used for scientific applications and in industry are described in the next chapter. The last chapter serves as a source of data and commercial product information on glasses as engineering materials of practical importance. 3.1 Metals.- Magnesium and Magnesium Alloys.- Aluminium and Aluminium Alloys.- Titanium and Titanium Alloys.- Zirconium and Zirconium Alloys.- Iron and Steels.- Cobalt and Cobalt Alloys.- Nickel and Nickel Superalloys.- Copper and Copper Alloys.- Refractory Metals.- Noble Metals.- Lead and Lead Alloys 3.2 Ceramics 3.3 Polymers 3.4 Glasses Part 4 Functional Materials Part 4 covering functional materials is organized in a two-step approach. The first step corresponds to searching for the substance of interest, that is, the relevant group of substances. The second step corresponds to the physical property of interest. The subsections are characterized by the groups of the Periodic Table to which the constituent elements belong. For each group of substances, the physical properties are organized into four classes. These are: A Crystal Structure, Mechanical and Thermal Properties B Electronic Properties C Transport Properties D Electromagnetic and Optical Properties. These property classes are further subdivided into individual properties. Materials covered are semiconductors, superconductors, magnetic materials, dielectrics and electrooptics, and ferro- and antiferroelectrics. 4.1 Semiconductors 4.2 Superconductors 4.3 Magnetic Materials 4.4 Dielectrics and Electrooptics 4.5 Ferroelectrics Part 5 Special Structures Part 5 covers special structures such as liquid crystals, solid surfaces and mesoscopic and nanostructured materials. The chapter on liquid crystals covers physical properties of the most common liquid crystalline substances as well as some liquid crystalline mixtures. Data compiled in the chapter on solid surfaces refer to atomically clean and well characterized surfaces. The values reported are mainly averages from different authors with errors given as standard deviations where reference to the original papers is made. In the chapter on nanostructured materials emphasis is placed on size and confinement effects. The properties associated with electronic confinement are addressed and both quantum wells and quantum dots are reviewed. Particular attention is drawn to semiconductor-doped matrices. The two main applications of nanostructured magnetic materials, spintronics and ultrahigh-density data storage media, are also treated. 5.1 Liquid Crystals 5.2 Surfaces 5.3 Mesoscopic and Nanostructured Materials About the Authors Subject Index

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Springer handbook of condensed matter and materials data

Mullite (3AI2O3. 2Si02) is becoming increasingly important in electronic, optical, and high-temperature structural applications. This paper reviews the current state of mullite-related research at a fundamental level, within the framework of phase equilibria, crystal structure, synthesis, processing, and properties. Phase equilibria are discussed in terms of the problems associated with the nucleation kinetics of mullite and the large variations observed in the solid-solution range. The incongruent melting behavior of mullite is now widely accepted. Large variations in the solid solubility from 58 to 76 mot% alumina are related to the ordering/disordering of oxygen vacancies and are strongly coupled with the method of synthesis used to form mullite. Similarly, reaction sequences which lead to the formation of mullite upon heating depend on the spatial scale at which the components are mixed. Mixing at the atomic level is useful for lowtemperature (<lOOO"C) synthesis of mullite but not for low-temperature sintering. In contrast, precursors that are segregated are better suited for lowtemperature (1250" to 1500°C) densification through viscous deformation. Flexural strength and creep resistS M Wiederhorn-contributing editor

Mullite for Structural, Electronic, and Optical Applications

There is an interplay between developments in glass technology leading to advances in lasers and the application of lasers to expand our knowledge and understanding of glass science. The current status and future prospects of various ions and host glasses for lasers and the extent to which laser parameters can be tailored by changing the chemical composition of the glass are surveyed first. The interplay between glass science and technology is illustrated further by considering the spectroscopic properties of rare earths in fused silica, where additions of co-dopants and ion clustering have large effects on local fields and optical spectra, and the operation of laser-pumped fiber lasers, where selective excitation due to site-to-site variations in the local field at the lasing ion can affect lasing characteristics. Current requirements for glasses for high power lasers, such as those used for inertial confinement fusion research, are also reviewed.

Science and technology of laser glass

Two-photon absorption can place a fundamental limitation on waveguide all-optical switching devices. We have derived a general criterion to describe this limitation that must be satisfied by all materials. As a specific example, we have experimentally evaluated this criterion for a lead-glass fiber.

Two-photon absorption as a limitation to all-optical switching.

Heavy-metal oxide glasses might arbitrarily be defined as those containing over 50 cation percent of bismuth and lead which participate in the glass structure as network formers. Glass systems based on these heavy-metal oxides in silicates, borates, phosphates, germanates, and ferrites are surveyed. Gallate systems are emphasized since they have a unique ability to form stable glasses while maintaining key properties, such as the best infrared transmission and the highest nonlinear optical susceptibilities and diamagnetic Verdet constants for oxide glasses.

Heavy-Metal Oxide Glasses

We report results of degenerate four‐wave mixing measurements of nonresonant nonlinearities in a variety of high‐index lead and bismuth containing oxide glasses and the chalcogenide As2S3. The third‐order nonlinear susceptibilities of the oxide glasses are found to scale with the heavy metal content. A lead‐bismuth‐gallate glass was identified with a nonresonant χ3 equal to 42±7×10−14 esu, which is approximately three times larger than that of any glass previously reported.

Nonlinear optical susceptibilities of high‐index glasses

This invention relates to sound, high strength, laminated articles of glass, glass-ceramic, glass and glass-ceramic materials. Such articles are made by means of a continuous hot-forming process wherein glasses are melted for the individual layers and these layers are then simultaneously fused together and shaped into a laminated structure of a desired configuration. Where a glass-ceramic article is desired, the laminated glass structure is subsequently heat treated in a particular manner to cause the glass to crystallize in situ.

Glass laminated bodies comprising a tensilely stressed core and a compressively stressed surface layer fused thereto

This invention is related to glasses for use as substrates in flat panel display devices; more specifically, for use as substrates in LCDs which utilize polycrystalline silicon thin film transistors. The compositions for the inventive glasses are essentially free from alkali metal oxides and consist essentially, in mole percent, of SiO₂ 64-70 Y₂O₃ 0-5 Al₂O₃ 9.5-14 MgO 0-5 B₂O₃ 5-10 CaO 3-13 TiO₂ 0-5 SrO 0-5.5 Ta₂O₅ 0-5 BaO 2-7 Nb₂O₅ 0-5 MgO+CaO+SrO+BaO 10-20 .

High liquidus viscosity glasses for flat panel displays

THIS INVENTION RELATES TO HIGH STRENGTH GLASS, GLASSCERAMIC, OR GLASS AND GLASS-CERAMIC LAMINATED ARTICLES WHICH ARE PRODUCED THROUGH A CONTINUOUS HOT-FORMING PROCESS WHEREIN GLASS BATCHES ARE MELTED FOR THE INDIVIDUAL LAMINAE AND THESE LAMINAE ARE ESSENTIALLY SIMULTANEOUSLY FUSED TOGETHER AND SHAPED INTO A LAMINATED STRUCTURE OF A DESIRED CONFIGURATION. WHERE A GLASS-CERAMIC LAMINA IS SOUGHT, THE INITIALLY-FORMED LAMINATED GLASS ARTICLE IS SUBSEQUENTLY HEAT TREATED IN A PARTICULARLY-DEFINED MANNER TO CAUSE THE GLASS TO CRYSTALLIZE IN SITU. THE PRESENT INVENTION IS SPECIFICALLY CONCERNED WITH VISCOSITY RELATIONSHIPS OBTAINED IN THE MELTS UTILIZED IN FORMING THE INDIVIDUAL LAMINAE.

William H. Dumbaugh

Papers

Heavy-Metal Oxide Glasses

Nonlinear optical susceptibilities of high‐index glasses

Glass laminated bodies comprising a tensilely stressed core and a compressively stressed surface layer fused thereto

High liquidus viscosity glasses for flat panel displays

Method for making multi-layer laminated bodies