Rapidly increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations threaten human society, the natural environment, and the synergy between the two. In order to ameliorate the CO2 problem, carbon capture and conversion techniques have been proposed. Metal–organic framework (MOF)-based materials, a relatively new class of porous materials with unique structural features, high surface areas, chemical tunability and stability, have been extensively studied with respect to their applicability to such techniques. Recently, it has become apparent that the CO2 capture capabilities of MOF-based materials significantly boost their potential toward CO2 conversion. Furthermore, MOF-based materials’ well-defined structures greatly facilitate the understanding of structure–property relationships and their roles in CO2 capture and conversion. In this review, we provide a comprehensive account of significant progress in the design and synthesis of MOF-based materials, including MOFs, MOF composites and MOF derivatives, and their application to carbon capture and conversion. Special emphases on the relationships between CO2 capture capacities of MOF-based materials and their catalytic CO2 conversion performances are discussed.

Carbon capture and conversion using metal–organic frameworks and MOF-based materials

More than 95% (in volume) of all of today’s chemical products are manufactured through catalytic processes, making research into more efficient catalytic materials a thrilling and very dynamic rese...

Metal–Organic Frameworks in Heterogeneous Catalysis: Recent Progress, New Trends, and Future Perspectives

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of distinctive porous crystalline materials constructed by metal ions/clusters and organic linkers. Owing to their structural diversity, functional adjustability, and high surface area, different types of MOF-based single metal sites are well exploited, including coordinately unsaturated metal sites from metal nodes and metallolinkers, as well as active metal species immobilized to MOFs. Furthermore, controllable thermal transformation of MOFs can upgrade them to nanomaterials functionalized with active single-atom catalysts (SACs). These unique features of MOFs and their derivatives enable them to serve as a highly versatile platform for catalysis, which has actually been becoming a rapidly developing interdisciplinary research area. In this review, we overview the recent developments of catalysis at single metal sites in MOF-based materials with emphasis on their structures and applications for thermocatalysis, electrocatalysis, and photocatalysis. We also compare the results and summarize the major insights gained from the works in this review, providing the challenges and prospects in this emerging field.

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Catalysts with Single Metal Sites.

The rational integration of multiple functional components into a composite material could result in enhanced activity tailored for specific applications. Herein, imidazolium-based poly(ionic liquid)s (denoted as polyILs) have been confined into the metal–organic framework (MOF) material MIL-101 via in situ polymerization of encapsulated monomers. The resultant composite polyILs@MIL-101 exhibits good CO2 capture capability that is beneficial for the catalysis of the cycloaddition of CO2 with epoxides to form cyclic carbonates at subatmospheric pressure in the absence of any cocatalyst. The significantly enhanced activity of polyILs@MIL-101, compared to either MIL-101 or polyILs, is attributed to the synergistic effect among the good CO2 enrichment capacity, the Lewis acid sites in the MOF, as well as the Lewis base sites in the polyILs.

Incorporation of Imidazolium-Based Poly(ionic liquid)s into a Metal–Organic Framework for CO2 Capture and Conversion

Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid crystalline materials, exhibiting high specific surface areas, controllable pore sizes and surface chemistry. These properties have made MOFs attractive for a wide range of applications including gas separation, gas storage, sensing, drug delivery and catalysis. This review focuses on recent progress in the application of MOF materials as catalysts for CO2 conversion through chemical fixation, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis. In particular, this review discusses the co-relationship between the physicochemical properties of MOF materials including their catalytic performance as well as their stability and recyclability under different reaction conditions, relevant to CO2 conversion. Current modification techniques for improving MOF performance are highlighted along with the recent understanding of their electronic properties. The limitations of MOF based catalysts are also discussed and potential routes for improvement are suggested.

Metal organic framework based catalysts for CO2 conversion

A bifunctional imidazolium functionalized zirconium metal–organic framework (Zr-MOF), (I−)Meim-UiO-66 (2), was successfully prepared from the imidazole-containing Zr-MOF Im-UiO-66 (1) by a post-synthetic modification (PSM) method. It was found that the crystal size and pore features of the imidazole-containing 1 could be tuned at the nanoscale. The bifunctional MOF 2, containing Bronsted acid sites and iodide ions, was shown to be an efficient and recyclable heterogeneous catalyst for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide (CO2) with epoxides, without the use of any co-catalyst, at ambient pressure. The solvent-free synthesis of the cyclic carbonate from CO2 and an epoxide was monitored by in situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and an acid/base synergistic catalysis mechanism was proposed. We hope that our strategy provides an effective approach for the introduction of functional N-heterocyclic groups into MOFs for potential applications.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticlePDF/2017/SC/C6SC04357G

Postsynthetic ionization of an imidazole-containing metal–organic framework for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide and epoxides

The design and synthesis of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) enclosed with multiple catalytic active sites is favorable for cooperative catalysis, but is is still challenging. Herein, we developed a sequential postsynthetic ionization and metalation strategy to prepare bifunctional multivariate Zr-MOFs incorporating zinc porphyrin and imidazolium functionalities. Using this facile strategy, tetratopic [5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrinato]zinc(II) (ZnTCPP) ligands were successfully installed into the cationic Zr-MOF to obtain ZnTCPP⊂(Br–)Etim-UiO-66. These MTV-MOFs, including TCPP⊂Im-UiO-66, TCPP⊂(Br–)Etim-UiO-66, and ZnTCPP⊂(Br–)Etim-UiO-66, were well characterized and used in CO2 capture and conversion into cyclic carbonate from allyl glycidyl ether and CO2 under cocatalyst-free and 1 bar CO2 pressure conditions. It was found that the structural features and CO2 affinity properties of these MTV-MOFs can be tuned by introducing imidazolium groups or doping zinc sites. Additionally, ZnTCPP⊂(Br–...

Zinc Porphyrin/Imidazolium Integrated Multivariate Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks for Transformation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates.

INTRODUCTION
It is unknown whether dressings reduce the risk of SSI after clean and clean-contaminated surgery.


OBJECTIVE
This meta-analysis was conducted to assess the outcomes of immediate air exposure of surgical sites after primary closure.


MATERIALS AND METHODS
A systematic search of Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science from the time of database establishment through October 2021 was performed. The SSI incidence and other surgical wound-associated events were extracted and their effect sizes calculated.


RESULTS
Six RCTs with a total of 1243 surgery cases (1228 non-contaminated, 15 contaminated) were included. SSI incidence of 11% and 11.1% was observed for immediate air exposure and dressings, respectively, when pooled irrespective of surgery type (RR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.68-1.33 [P = .76]). Subgroup analysis showed similar SSI incidence between air exposure and dressings following clean (P = .39) and clean-contaminated surgery (P = .64). Neither gauze dressings (P = .65), film dressings (P = .07), nor tissue glue-as-a-dressing (P = .94) use resulted in significantly lower SSI incidence than air exposure.


CONCLUSIONS
This meta-analysis shows that dressings (gauze dressings, film dressings, and tissue glue-as-a-dressing) do not outperform immediate air exposure in terms of SSI occurrence following primary closure of clean and clean-contaminated surgical wounds.

Immediate air exposure vs dressings following primary closure of clean and clean-contaminated surgical wounds: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. BACKGROUND Sebaceous adenocarcinoma (SAC) mostly occurs in the elderly, and SAC in young and middle-aged population is inadequately investigated. OBJECTIVE To explore the clinical features and prognosis of young and middle-aged adults with SAC. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with skin SAC between ages 18 and 59 years from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1975–2016) were eligible for this study. RESULTS Seven hundred thirty-nine cases were identified. The proportion of extraocular SAC in the nonelderly increased from 1975-2005 to 2006-2016 (p = .001), male predominance was observed in overall patients whereas female predominance in Asian population, and young patients had more head and neck SAC than middle-aged patients (p = .014). The prognosis of young patients was better than middle-aged patients (p = .004). Other independent prognostic factors included sex, marital status, tumor size, surgery, chemotherapy, and multiple primary cancer history. CONCLUSION An increasing proportion of extraocular SAC was observed in young and middle-aged patients, and the young developed more head and neck SAC than the middle-aged. Female predominance was found in Asian population, and female patients had better prognosis. Younger age and married status indicated better prognosis, and around 20% of young and middle-aged patients might have poorer survival because of Muir–Torre syndrome.

https://journals.lww.com/dermatologicsurgery/Fulltext/9900/Clinical_Features_and_Prognosis_of_Young_and.92.aspx

Xiu-Yun Wang

Papers

Postsynthetic ionization of an imidazole-containing metal–organic framework for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide and epoxides

Zinc Porphyrin/Imidazolium Integrated Multivariate Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks for Transformation of CO2 into Cyclic Carbonates.

Immediate air exposure vs dressings following primary closure of clean and clean-contaminated surgical wounds: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Clinical Features and Prognosis of Young and Middle-Aged Adults With Skin Sebaceous Adenocarcinoma