DC–DC converters with voltage boost capability are widely used in a large number of power conversion applications, from fraction-of-volt to tens of thousands of volts at power levels from milliwatts to megawatts. The literature has reported on various voltage-boosting techniques, in which fundamental energy storing elements (inductors and capacitors) and/or transformers in conjunction with switch(es) and diode(s) are utilized in the circuit. These techniques include switched capacitor (charge pump), voltage multiplier, switched inductor/voltage lift, magnetic coupling, and multistage/-level, and each has its own merits and demerits depending on application, in terms of cost, complexity, power density, reliability, and efficiency. To meet the growing demand for such applications, new power converter topologies that use the above voltage-boosting techniques, as well as some active and passive components, are continuously being proposed. The permutations and combinations of the various voltage-boosting techniques with additional components in a circuit allow for numerous new topologies and configurations, which are often confusing and difficult to follow. Therefore, to present a clear picture on the general law and framework of the development of next-generation step-up dc–dc converters, this paper aims to comprehensively review and classify various step-up dc–dc converters based on their characteristics and voltage-boosting techniques. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of these voltage-boosting techniques and associated converters are discussed in detail. Finally, broad applications of dc–dc converters are presented and summarized with comparative study of different voltage-boosting techniques.

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Step-Up DC–DC Converters: A Comprehensive Review of Voltage-Boosting Techniques, Topologies, and Applications

Preface. About the Author. List of Symbols. 1 Introduction. 1.1 Classification of Power Supplies. 1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage Regulators. 1.3 Power Relationships in DC-DC Converters. 1.4 DC Transfer Functions of DC-DC Converters. 1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators. 1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators. 1.7 Linear Voltage Regulators. 1.8 Topologies of PWM DC-DC Converters 1.9 Relationships among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power. 1.10 Electromagnetic Compatibility. 1.11 Summary. 1.12 References. 1.13 Review Questions. 1.14 Problems. 2 BuckPWMDC-DCConverter. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM. 2.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM. 2.4 Buck Converter with Input Filter. 2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier. 2.6 Buck Converter with Positive Common Rail. 2.7 Tapped-Inductor Buck Converters. 2.8 Multiphase Buck Converter. 2.9 Summary. 2.10 References. 2.11 Review Questions. 2.12 Problems. 3 Boost PWM DC-DC Converter. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM. 3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM. 3.4 Bidirectional Buck and Boost Converters. 3.5 Tapped-Inductor Boost Converters. 3.6 Duality. 3.7 Power Factor Correction. 3.8 Summary. 3.9 References. 3.10 Review Questions. 3.11 Problems. 4 Buck-Boost PWM DC-DC Converter. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck-Boost Converter for CCM. 4.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck-Boost Converter for DCM. 4.4 Bidirectional Buck-Boost Converter. 4.5 Synthesis of Buck-Boost Converter. 4.6 Synthesis of Boost-Buck (Cuk) Converter. 4.7 Noninverting Buck-Boost Converters. 4.8 Tapped-Inductor Buck-Boost Converters. 4.9 Summary. 4.10 References. 4.11 Review Questions. 4.12 Problems. 5 Flyback PWM DC-DC Converter. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Transformers. 5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for CCM. 5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM. 5.5 Multiple-Output Flyback Converter. 5.6 Bidirectional Flyback Converter. 5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter. 5.8 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping. 5.9 Two-Transistor Flyback Converter. 5.10 Summary. 5.11 References. 5.12 Review Questions. 5.13 Problems. 6 Forward PWM DC-DC Converter. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM. 6.3 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM. 6.4 Multiple-Output Forward Converter. 6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier. 6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping. 6.7 Two-Switch Forward Converter. 6.8 Summary. 6.9 References. 6.10 Review Questions. 6.11 Problems. 7 Half-Bridge PWM DC-DC Converter. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for CCM. 7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half-Bridge Converter for DCM. 7.4 Summary. 7.5 References. 7.6 Review Questions. 7.7 Problems. 8 Full-Bridge PWM DC-DC Converter. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for CCM. 8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full-Bridge Converter for DCM. 8.4 Phase-Controlled Full-Bridge Converter. 8.5 Summary. 8.6 References. 8.7 Review Questions. 8.8 Problems. 9 Push-Pull PWM DC-DC Converter. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 DC Analysis of PWM Push-Pull Converter for CCM. 9.3 DC Analysis of PWM Push-Pull Converter for DCM. 9.4 Comparison of PWM DC-DC Converters. 9.5 Summary. 9.6 References. 9.7 Review Questions. 9.8 Problems. 10 Small-Signal Models of PWM Converters for CCM and DCM. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Assumptions. 10.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM. 10.4 Averaged Values of Switched Resistances. 10.5 Model Reduction. 10.6 Large-Signal Averaged Model for CCM. 10.7 DC and Small-Signal Circuit Linear Models of Switching Network for CCM. 10.8 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM. 10.9 PWM Small-Signal Switch Model for CCM. 10.10 Modeling of the Ideal Switching Network for DCM. 10.11 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM. 10.12 Small-Signal Models of PWM Converters for DCM. 10.13 Summary. 10.14 References. 10.15 Review Questions. 10.16 Problems. 11 Open-Loop Small-Signal Characteristics of Boost Converter for CCM. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 DC Characteristics. 11.3 Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function. 11.4 Delay in Open-Loop Control-to-Output Transfer Function. 11.5 Open-Loop Audio Susceptibility. 11.6 Open-Loop Input Impedance. 11.7 Open-Loop Output Impedance. 11.8 Open-Loop Step Responses. 11.9 Summary. 11.10 References. 11.11 Review Questions. 11.12 Problems. 12 Voltage-Mode Control of Boost Converter. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with Voltage-Mode Control. 12.3 Pulse-Width Modulator. 12.4 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network. 12.5 Error Amplifier. 12.6 Integral-Single-Lead Controller. 12.7 Integral-Double-Lead Controller. 12.8 Loop Gain. 12.9 Closed-Loop Control-to-Output Voltage Transfer Function. 12.10 Closed-Loop Audio Susceptibility. 12.11 Closed-Loop Input Impedance. 12.12 Closed-Loop Output Impedance. 12.13 Closed-Loop Step Responses. 12.14 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions. 12.15 Summary. 12.16 References. 12.17 Review Questions. 12.18 Problems. 13 Current-Mode Control. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters with Peak-Current-Mode Control. 13.3 Relationship between Duty Cycle and Inductor-Current Slopes. 13.4 Instability of Closed-Current Loop. 13.5 Slope Compensation. 13.6 Sample-and-Hold Effect on Current Loop. 13.7 Current Loop in s -Domain. 13.8 Voltage Loop of PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control. 13.9 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control without Slope Compensation. 13.10 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current-Mode Control and Slope Compensation. 13.11 Closed-Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains. 13.12 Slope Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current. 13.13 Relationships for Constant-Frequency Current-Mode On-Time Control. 13.14 Summary. 13.15 References. 13.16 Review Questions. 13.17 Problems. 13.18 Appendix: Sample-and-Hold Modeling. 14 Current-Mode Control of Boost Converter. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Open-Loop Small-Signal Transfer Functions. 14.3 Open-Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current. 14.5 Closed-Voltage-Loop Transfer Functions. 14.6 Closed-Loop Step Responses. 14.7 Closed-Loop DC Transfer Functions. 14.8 Summary. 14.9 References. 14.10 Review Questions. 14.11 Problems. 15 Silicon and Silicon Carbide Power Diodes. 15.1 Introduction. 15.2 Electronic Power Switches. 15.3 Intrinsic Semiconductors. 15.4 Extrinsic Semiconductors. 15.5 Silicon and Silicon Carbide. 15.6 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes. 15.7 Static I - V Diode Characteristic. 15.8 Breakdown Voltage of Junction Diodes. 15.9 Capacitances of Junction Diodes. 15.10 Reverse Recovery of pn Junction Diodes. 15.11 Schottky Diodes. 15.12 SPICE Model of Diodes. 15.13 Summary. 15.14 References. 15.15 Review Questions. 15.16 Problems. 16 Silicon and Silicon Carbide Power MOSFETs. 16.1 Introduction. 16.2 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs. 16.3 Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs. 16.4 Derivation of Power MOSFET Characteristics. 16.5 Power MOSFET Characteristics. 16.6 Mobility of Charge Carriers. 16.7 Short-Channel Effects. 16.8 Aspect Ratio of Power MOSFETs. 16.9 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs. 16.10 Gate Oxide Breakdown Voltageof Power MOSFETs. 16.11 Resistance of Drift Region. 16.12 Figures-of-Merit. 16.13 On-Resistance of Power MOSFETs. 16.14 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs. 16.15 Switching Waveforms. 16.16 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs. 16.17 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors. 16.18 Heat Sinks. 16.19 Summary. 16.20 References. 16.21 Review Questions. 16.22 Problems. 17 Soft-Switching DC-DC Converters. 17.1 Introduction. 17.2 Zero-Voltage-Switching DC-DC Converters. 17.3 Buck ZVS Quasi-Resonant DC-DC Converter. 17.4 Boost ZVS Quasi-Resonant DC-DC Converter. 17.5 Zero-Current-Switching DC-DC Converters. 17.6 Boost ZCS Quasi-Resonant DC-DC Converter. 17.7 Multiresonant Converters. 17.8 Summary. 17.9 References. 17.10 Review Questions. 17.11 Problems. Appendix A Introduction to SPICE. Appendix B Introduction to MATLAB. Answers to Problems. Index.

Pulse-width modulated DC-DC power converters

For a nonisolated high step-up converter, the combination of a boost converter with a series output module is investigated in this paper. As a solution to supplement the insufficient step-up ratio and distribute a voltage stress of a classical boost converter, a sepic-integrated boost (SIB) converter, which provides an additional step-up gain with the help of an isolated sepic converter, is proposed. Since the boost converter and the sepic converter share a boost inductor and a switch, its structure is simple. Moreover, the SIB converter needs no current snubber for the diodes, since the transformer leakage inductor alleviates the reverse recovery. The operational principle and characteristics of SIB converter are presented, and verified experimentally with a 200 W, 42 V input, 400 V output prototype converter.

Nonisolated High Step-up Boost Converter Integrated With Sepic Converter

High voltage gain dc-dc converters are required in many industrial applications such as photovoltaic and fuel cell energy systems, high-intensity discharge lamp (HID), dc back-up energy systems, and electric vehicles. This paper presents a novel input-parallel output-series boost converter with dual coupled inductors and a voltage multiplier module. On the one hand, the primary windings of two coupled inductors are connected in parallel to share the input current and reduce the current ripple at the input. On the other hand, the proposed converter inherits the merits of interleaved series-connected output capacitors for high voltage gain, low output voltage ripple, and low switch voltage stress. Moreover, the secondary sides of two coupled inductors are connected in series to a regenerative capacitor by a diode for extending the voltage gain and balancing the primary-parallel currents. In addition, the active switches are turned on at zero current and the reverse recovery problem of diodes is alleviated by reasonable leakage inductances of the coupled inductors. Besides, the energy of leakage inductances can be recycled. A prototype circuit rated 500-W output power is implemented in the laboratory, and the experimental results shows satisfactory agreement with the theoretical analysis.

A High Gain Input-Parallel Output-Series DC/DC Converter With Dual Coupled Inductors

A basic cell with winding-cross-coupled inductors (WCCIs) and interleaved structure is proposed in this paper. A family of DC-DC converters is deduced from the proposed basic cell, which is suitable for high step-up or step-down conversions. The passive-lossless clamp scheme is derived from the active clamp scheme to recycle the leakage energy and to suppress the voltage spikes caused by the leakage inductance. The advantages of the derived interleaved boost converter with WCCIs and passive-lossless clamp circuits are analyzed as an example. The voltage gain is extended and the switch voltage stress is reduced to minimize the conduction losses. The rectifier reverse-recovery problem is alleviated by the leakage inductance. Furthermore, a series of DC-DC converters with WCCIs and passive-lossless clamp circuits are summarized for high efficiency, high power and high step-up or step-down applications. A clear picture is made in this paper on the general law and structure of the WCCIs for DC-DC conversion in high step-up or step-down applications. At last, the simulated and experimental results of a 1 kW 40 V-to-380 V prototype with WCCIs and passive-lossless clamp circuits verify the significant improvements in performance.

A Family of Interleaved DC–DC Converters DeducedFrom a Basic Cell With Winding-Cross-CoupledInductors (WCCIs) for High Step-Upor Step-Down Conversions

A classification scheme is used to categorize tapped-inductor switched-mode power supplies. This new scheme allows the many possible circuit variants to be displayed in a logical manner and analyzed for practicality and performance. The scheme offers a way of ensuring that no tapped inductor converter circuit is neglected when a tapped-inductor circuit is to be chosen for any particular application.

Synthesis of Tapped-Inductor Switched-Mode Converters

In this paper, the Watkins-Johnson (WJ) converter was found to best step down the future automotive 42-V power network to 3 V or lower for the supply of microcontrollers and semiconductors. The particularity of the WJ converter is that it only employs a tapped-inductor and three other components. The use of a tapped-inductor is well-known and gives an extra-degree of freedom by the insertion of the winding ratio of the tapped-inductor into the transfer function of the WJ converter. It also permits the duty cycle to be adjusted to a value at which the efficiency of the converter is improved. The converter can be slightly modified and used as a multiple output converter while employing few components, diminishing the weight, size, cost, and complexity of a system. Practical test results for the single-output WJ converter are presented

Y. Darroman

Papers

Synthesis of Tapped-Inductor Switched-Mode Converters

42-V/3-V Watkins-Johnson converter for automotive use