Development and biological activities of marine-derived bioactive peptides: A review

Functional graphene nanomaterials (FGNs) are fast emerging materials with extremely unique physical and chemical properties and physiological ability to interfere and/or interact with bioorganisms; as a result, FGNs present manifold possibilities for diverse biological applications. Beyond their use in drug/gene delivery, phototherapy, and bioimaging, recent studies have revealed that FGNs can significantly promote interfacial biointeractions, in particular, with proteins, mammalian cells/stem cells, and microbials. FGNs can adsorb and concentrate nutrition factors including proteins from physiological media. This accelerates the formation of extracellular matrix, which eventually promotes cell colonization by providing a more beneficial microenvironment for cell adhesion and growth. Furthermore, FGNs can also interact with cocultured cells by physical or chemical stimulation, which significantly mediate their cellular signaling and biological performance. In this review, we elucidate FGNs–bioorganism int...

Functional Graphene Nanomaterials Based Architectures: Biointeractions, Fabrications, and Emerging Biological Applications

Chitosan, hyaluronan and chondroitin sulfate in tissue engineering for cartilage regeneration: A review

This paper reports the synthesis and detailed characterization of graphite thin films produced by thermal decomposition of the (0001) face of a 6H-SiC wafer, demonstrating the successful growth of single crystalline films down to approximately one graphene layer. The growth and characterization were carried out in ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. The growth process and sample quality were monitored by low-energy electron diffraction, and the thickness of the sample was determined by core level x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. High-resolution angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy shows constant energy map patterns, which are very sharp and fully momentum-resolved, but nonetheless not resolution limited. We discuss the implications of this observation in connection with scanning electron microscopy data, as well as with previous studies.

Synthesis and characterization of atomically-thin graphite filmson a silicon carbide substrate,

Oceans have borne most of the biological activities on our planet. A number of biologically active compounds with varying degrees of action, such as anti-tumor, anti-cancer, anti-microtubule, anti-proliferative, cytotoxic, photo protective, as well as antibiotic and antifouling properties, have been isolated to date from marine sources. The marine environment also represents a largely unexplored source for isolation of new microbes (bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, microalgae-cyanobacteria and diatoms) that are potent producers of bioactive secondary metabolites. Extensive research has been done to unveil the bioactive potential of marine microbes (free living and symbiotic) and the results are amazingly diverse and productive. Some of these bioactive secondary metabolites of microbial origin with strong antibacterial and antifungal activities are being intensely used as antibiotics and may be effective against infectious diseases such as HIV, conditions of multiple bacterial infections (penicillin, cephalosporines, streptomycin, and vancomycin) or neuropsychiatric sequelae. Research is also being conducted on the general aspects of biophysical and biochemical properties, chemical structures and biotechnological applications of the bioactive substances derived from marine microorganisms, and their potential use as cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals. This review is an attempt to consolidate the latest studies and critical research in this field, and to showcase the immense competence of marine microbial flora as bioactive metabolite producers. In addition, the present review addresses some effective and novel approaches of procuring marine microbial compounds utilizing the latest screening strategies of drug discovery.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-3397/8/10/2673/pdf

Immense Essence of Excellence: Marine Microbial Bioactive Compounds

Cosmeceuticals, derived from the words ‘cosmetic and pharmaceutical’, have drug-like benefits and contain active ingredients such as vitamins, phytochemicals, enzymes, antioxidants, and essential oils. Cosmeceuticals have attracted increased attention because of their beneficial effects on human health. Bioactive substances derived from marine organisms have diverse functional roles as a secondary metabolite and these properties can be applied to the developments of novel pharmaceuticals and cosmeceuticals. Recently, extensive studies have been conducted on the general aspects of the chemical structures, physical and biochemical properties, and biotechnological applications of bioactive substances derived from marine organisms. In this review, we have discussed recent progresses in the biotechnological applications of bioactive substances from marine organisms as cosmeceuticals.

Prospective of the cosmeceuticals derived from marine organisms

Natural hydroxyapatite (HAP) is isolated from waste chicken bone by thermal calcinations at different temperatures in the range of 200 °C to 1000 °C. The isolated HAP has been characterized using thermo gravimetric analysis (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission electron microscope (FE-SEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). The XRD results showed that the enhanced crystallinity of HAP phase by thermal calcination above 600 °C and the crystal size has been found to increase with increasing temperature of thermal calcinations due to agglomeration. Value addition for the waste chicken bone is given by the isolation of useful bioceramics (HAP) and the optimum temperature for the thermal calcination is found to be 600 °C. The isolated HAP has been characterized as carbonated HAP of B type with the hexagonal structure. These results will not only make the chicken bone as an important bioresource for the HAP but wi...

Chicken Bone as a Bioresource for the Bioceramic (Hydroxyapatite)

In recent times, tricomponent scaffolds prepared from naturally occurring polysaccharides, hydroxyapatite, and reinforcing materials have been gaining increased attention in the field of bone tissue engineering. In the current work, a tricomponent scaffold with an oxidized multiwalled carbon nanotube (fMWCNT)-alginate-hydroxyapatite with the required porosity was prepared for the first time by a freeze-drying method and characterized using analytical techniques. The hydroxyapatite for the scaffold was isolated from chicken bones by thermal calcination at 800°C. The Fourier transform infrared spectra and X-ray diffraction data confirmed ionic interactions and formation of the fMWCNT-alginate-hydroxyapatite scaffold. Interconnected porosity with a pore size of 130-170 µm was evident from field emission scanning electron microscopy. The total porosity calculated using the liquid displacement method was found to be 93.85%. In vitro biocompatibility and cell proliferation on the scaffold was checked using an MG-63 cell line by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and cell attachment by Hoechst stain assay. In vitro studies showed better cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and cell attachment on the prepared scaffold. These results indicate that this scaffold could be a promising candidate for bone tissue engineering.

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Development of a new carbon nanotube–alginate–hydroxyapatite tricomponent composite scaffold for application in bone tissue engineering

Regenerative medicine witnessed a paradigm shift from synthetic implants and tissue grafts to a tissue engineering approach that incorporates biodegradable, bioceramic composite scaffolds with biological cells. A combination of carbon nanomaterials and hydroxyapatite (HAP) with polysaccharides holds a great potential in bone tissue engineering. In the present study, new porous tricomponent scaffolds, graphene oxide (GO)–gellan–HAP, GO–alginate–HAP and GO–amylopectin–HAP were prepared by freeze drying method. The ionic interactions between the individual components in the formation of the composites were confirmed by FTIR and XRD. The porous morphology of scaffolds was confirmed by FE-SEM images. Osteoconductivity and biocompatibility of scaffolds on MG 63 cell line were confirmed by in vitro MTT assay. The increased mineralization could be visualized by alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. Among the scaffolds, the GO–amylopectin–HAP exhibited higher biocompatibility, mineralization and cell attachment. The compressive strength values were determined and found to be 466.8 ± 19 for GO–gellan–HAP, 171 ± 17 for GO–alginate–HAP and 161 ± 4 for GO–amylopectin–HAP scaffolds. The higher biocompatibility, mineralization and cell attachment and lower compressive strength for GO–amylopectin–HAP was attributed to higher pore size and porosity. These results indicated that the prepared tricomponent scaffolds could be used as promising biomaterials in tissue engineering.

Development of new graphene oxide incorporated tricomponent scaffolds with polysaccharides and hydroxyapatite and study of their osteoconductivity on MG-63 cell line for bone tissue engineering

New tricomponent composite scaffolds with high porosity (82.82% for oxidized carbon nanotube (fMWCNT)–gellan–hydroxyapatite (HAP) and 91.76%for fMWCNT–amylopectin–HAP) were prepared by a freeze drying method and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Further, their ability to promote cell proliferation of the MG 63 cell line for bone regeneration was studied. In vitro MTT assays with the MG 63 cell line demonstrated better cell proliferation on both the fMWCNT–gellan–HAP and fMWCNT–amylopectin–HAP scaffolds. The cell adhesion of the MG 63 cells on the scaffolds after four days was confirmed by fluorescence imaging using Hoechst and Acridine Orange dye staining. Enhanced mineralization over time was observed in the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. A higher compressive strength (222.60 ± 8.4 kPa) was observed for fMWCNT–gellan–HAP, when compared to fMWCNT–amylopectin–HAP (57.32 ± 2.4 kPa). This may be due to the lower porosity of fMWCNT–gellan–HAP. These results ascertained that the prepared tricomponent scaffolds can be used as promising materials in bone tissue engineering.

Y. Dominic Ravichandran

Papers

Prospective of the cosmeceuticals derived from marine organisms

Chicken Bone as a Bioresource for the Bioceramic (Hydroxyapatite)

Development of a new carbon nanotube–alginate–hydroxyapatite tricomponent composite scaffold for application in bone tissue engineering

Development of new graphene oxide incorporated tricomponent scaffolds with polysaccharides and hydroxyapatite and study of their osteoconductivity on MG-63 cell line for bone tissue engineering

Development of functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotube-based polysaccharide–hydroxyapatite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering