1.0. Introduction 4044 2.0. Biomass Chemistry and Growth Rates 4047 2.1. Lignocellulose and Starch-Based Plants 4047 2.2. Triglyceride-Producing Plants 4049 2.3. Algae 4050 2.4. Terpenes and Rubber-Producing Plants 4052 3.0. Biomass Gasification 4052 3.1. Gasification Chemistry 4052 3.2. Gasification Reactors 4054 3.3. Supercritical Gasification 4054 3.4. Solar Gasification 4055 3.5. Gas Conditioning 4055 4.0. Syn-Gas Utilization 4056 4.1. Hydrogen Production by Water−Gas Shift Reaction 4056

/pdf/synthesis-of-transportation-fuels-from-biomass-chemistry-3sckhzoqoz.pdf

Synthesis of transportation fuels from biomass: chemistry, catalysts, and engineering.

This paper provides an updated review on fast pyrolysis of biomass for production of a liquid usually referred to as bio-oil. The technology of fast pyrolysis is described including the major reaction systems. The primary liquid product is characterised by reference to the many properties that impact on its use. These properties have caused increasingly extensive research to be undertaken to address properties that need modification and this area is reviewed in terms of physical, catalytic and chemical upgrading. Of particular note is the increasing diversity of methods and catalysts and particularly the complexity and sophistication of multi-functional catalyst systems. It is also important to see more companies involved in this technology area and increased take-up of evolving upgrading processes. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

Review of fast pyrolysis of biomass and product upgrading

Hydrothermal technologies are broadly defined as chemical and physical transformations in high-temperature (200–600 °C), high-pressure (5–40 MPa) liquid or supercritical water. This thermochemical means of reforming biomass may have energetic advantages, since, when water is heated at high pressures a phase change to steam is avoided which avoids large enthalpic energy penalties. Biological chemicals undergo a range of reactions, including dehydration and decarboxylation reactions, which are influenced by the temperature, pressure, concentration, and presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts. Several biomass hydrothermal conversion processes are in development or demonstration. Liquefaction processes are generally lower temperature (200–400 °C) reactions which produce liquid products, often called “bio-oil” or “bio-crude”. Gasification processes generally take place at higher temperatures (400–700 °C) and can produce methane or hydrogen gases in high yields.

/pdf/thermochemical-biofuel-production-in-hydrothermal-media-a-57itjyvhnt.pdf

Thermochemical biofuel production in hydrothermal media: A review of sub- and supercritical water technologies

Fast pyrolysis for production of liquids has developed considerably since the first experiments in the late 1970s. Many reactors and processes have been investigated and developed to the point where fast pyrolysis is now an accepted feasible and viable route to renewable liquid fuels, chemicals and derived products. It is also now clear that liquid products offer significant advantages in storage and transport over gas and heat. These advantages have caused greater attention to be paid to fast pyrolysis, leading to significant advances in process development. The technology of fast pyrolysis for liquids is noteworthy for the wide range of reactor configurations that have been developed to meet the stringent requirements for high yields of useful liquids, for use as a fuel in boilers, engines and turbines and as a source of chemical commodities. This review summarizes the key features of fast pyrolysis and the resultant liquid product and describes the major reaction systems and processes that have been developed over the last 20 years.

http://ehsan13967.persiangig.com/document/pyrolysis5.pdf

Fast pyrolysis processes for biomass

http://ehsan13967.persiangig.com/document/pyrolysis7.pdf

An overview of fast pyrolysis of biomass

This review catalogs the process research in direct thermochemical conversion of biomass to liquid hydrocarbon fuels. Subject areas include pyrolysis, high-pressure liquefaction, upgrading of both pyrolysates and high-pressure oil, supporting analytical and basic research, and technoeconomic assessments. Much progress is presented for the time period from 1983 to 1990. The pyrolytic processes with lower investment costs and higher yields of more orygenated oil are moving more quickly forward in development

Developments in direct thermochemical liquefaction of biomass: 1983-1990

The Liquefaction Group of the lEA Biomass Agreement has carefully studied and analyzed a thermochemical conversion process under development at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL, formerly the Solar Energy Research Institute). This process converts biomass to an aromatic gasoline product. Biomass is subjected to very rapid pyrolysis in a vortex reactor to maximize the formation of oil vapors. After the char is removed from the process stream, the oil vapors are immediately sent to a catalytic cracking reactor with ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst to form a mixture of aromatic gasoline and gaseous olefins. Subsequent processing recovers byproduct gaseous olefms and converts them to aromatic gasoline. The small amount of toxic benzene formed as an intermediate compound is alkylated to extinction to form relatively benign compounds with a higher octane, such as cumene. The narrow boiling range desired for tomorrow’s reformulated gasolines is maintained by recycling both the volatile light ends and the difficult-to-bum heavy ends to extinction. A gasoline with a very high blending octane is the primary product. It is expected that this product will command a premium price. The process features state-of-the-art energy-saving and waste-management techniques. Using a consistent and well documented approach, the technoeconomics of this process were determined for both a “present” case and a “potential” case. The difference between the product costs for these two cases serves as an incentive for further research and development (R&D).

Y. Solantausta

Papers

Developments in direct thermochemical liquefaction of biomass: 1983-1990

IEA Technoeconomic Analysis of the Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Gasoline by the NREL Process

Developments in Direct Thermochemical Liquefaction of Biomass: 1983- 1990