Aim: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has affected hundreds of thousands of people. Data on symptoms and prognosis in children are rare.Methods: A systematic literature review was c ...

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/apa.15270

Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults.

This cohort study examines medical records of 33 neonates born to women with COVID-19 to provide information on maternal-child transmission and infant outcomes.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/articlepdf/2763787/jamapediatrics_zeng_2020_ld_200013.pdf

Neonatal Early-Onset Infection With SARS-CoV-2 in 33 Neonates Born to Mothers With COVID-19 in Wuhan, China.

A recent outbreak of a novel Coronavirus responsible for a Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) is spreading globally. The aim of this study was to systematically review main clinical characteristics and outcomes of SARS-CoV-2 infections in pediatric age. An electronic search was conducted in PubMed database. Papers published between 1 January and 1 May 2020 including children aged 0–18 years were selected. Sixty-two studies and three reviews were included, with a total sample size of 7480 children (2428/4660 males, 52.1%; weighted mean age 7.6 years). Patients showed mainly mild (608/1432, 42.5%) and moderate (567/1432, 39.6%) signs of the infection. About 2% of children were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit. The most commonly described symptoms were fever (51.6%) and cough (47.3%). Laboratory findings were often unremarkable. Children underwent a chest CT scan in 73.9% of all cases, and 32.7% resulted normal. Overall, the estimated mortality was 0.08%. A higher proportion of newborns was severely ill (12%) and dyspnea was the most common reported sign (40%). Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2 affects children less severely than adults. Laboratory and radiology findings are mainly nonspecific. Larger epidemiological and clinical cohort studies are needed to better understand possible implications of COVID-19 infection in children.

/pdf/sars-cov-2-infection-in-children-and-newborns-a-systematic-3wotpcvl46.pdf

SARS-COV-2 infection in children and newborns: a systematic review.

Objectives There are limited case series reporting the impact on women affected by coronavirus during pregnancy. In women affected by severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), the case fatality rate appears higher in those affected in pregnancy compared with non-pregnant women. We conducted a rapid review to guide health policy and management of women affected by COVID-19 during pregnancy, which was used to develop the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists' (RCOG) guidelines on COVID-19 infection in pregnancy. Methods Searches were conducted in PubMed and MedRxiv to identify primary case reports, case series, observational studies and randomized controlled trials describing women affected by coronavirus in pregnancy. Data were extracted from relevant papers. This review has been used to develop guidelines with representatives of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health (RCPCH) and RCOG who provided expert consensus on areas in which data were lacking. Results From 9965 search results in PubMed and 600 in MedRxiv, 21 relevant studies, all of which were case reports or case series, were identified. From reports of 32 women to date affected by COVID-19 in pregnancy, delivering 30 babies (one set of twins, three ongoing pregnancies), seven (22%) were asymptomatic and two (6%) were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), one of whom remained on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. No maternal deaths have been reported to date. Delivery was by Cesarean section in 27 cases and by vaginal delivery in two, and 15 (47%) delivered preterm. There was one stillbirth and one neonatal death. In 25 babies, no cases of vertical transmission were reported; 15 were reported as being tested with reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction after delivery. Case fatality rates for SARS and MERS were 15% and 27%, respectively. SARS was associated with miscarriage or intrauterine death in five cases, and fetal growth restriction was noted in two ongoing pregnancies affected by SARS in the third trimester. Conclusions Serious morbidity occurred in 2/32 women with COVID-19, both of whom required ICU care. Compared with SARS and MERS, COVID-19 appears less lethal, acknowledging the limited number of cases reported to date and that one woman remains in a critical condition. Preterm delivery affected 47% of women hospitalized with COVID-19, which may put considerable pressure on neonatal services if the UK's reasonable worst-case scenario of 80% of the population being affected is realized. Based on this review, RCOG, in consultation with RCPCH, developed guidance for delivery and neonatal care in pregnancies affected by COVID-19, which recommends that delivery mode be determined primarily by obstetric indication and recommends against routine separation of affected mothers and their babies. We hope that this review will be helpful for maternity and neonatal services planning their response to COVID-19. © 2020 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

https://obgyn.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/uog.22014

Coronavirus in pregnancy and delivery: rapid review.

Evidence based management guideline for the COVID-19 pandemic - Review article.

Since December 2019, there has been an outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) infection in China. Two cases of neonates with positive 2019-nCoV tests have been reported. Due to the immature immune system and the possibility of vertical transmission from mother to infant, neonates have become a high-risk group susceptible to 2019-nCoV, which emphasize a close cooperation from both perinatal and neonatal pediatrics. In neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), to prevent and control infection, there should be practical measures to ensure the optimal management of children potentially to be infected. According to the latest 2019-nCoV national management plan and the actual situation, the Chinese Neonatal 2019-nCoV expert working Group has put forward measures on the prevention and control of neonatal 2019-nCoV infection.

https://atm.amegroups.com/article/download/35751/pdf

Chinese expert consensus on the perinatal and neonatal management for the prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection (First edition)

Introduction Clostridium tyrobutyricum has considerable prospect in the production of organic acids. Globally, refinery final molasses is rich in sugar and reported to have high levels of accumulation and high emission costs, recognized as an excellent substrate for C. tyrobutyricum fermentation, but there is no suitable method available at present. Methods In this study, an acid-base treatment combined with a new green membrane treatment technology – a dynamic ion-exchange membrane -was used to pretreat refinery final molasses, so that it could be used for C. tyrobutyricum to produce butyric acid. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was established to determine the conversion of a large amount of sucrose into fermentable sugars (71.88 g/L glucose and 38.06 g/L fructose) in the treated refinery final molasses. The process of sequential filtration with 3, 1, and 0.45 μm-pore diameter dynamic ion-exchange membranes could remove impurities, pigments, and harmful substances from the refinery final molasses, and retain the fermentable sugar. Results and discussion This means that refinery final molasses from the sugar industry could be utilized as a high-value by-product and used for the growth of C. tyrobutyricum, with industrial feasibility and economic competitiveness. Using the treated refinery final molasses as a carbon source, C. tyrobutyricum was screened by the method of adaptive evolution. The strain with butyric acid yielded 52.54 g/L, and the yield of the six carbon sugar was increased from 0.240 to 0.478 g/g. The results showed that combination of C. tyrobutyricum and ionic membrane technology broke through the bottleneck of its utilization of refinery final molasses. This study provided an innovative idea for the C. tyrobutyricum fermentation to produce butyric acid.

/pdf/construction-of-clostridium-tyrobutyricum-strain-and-ionic-2y3o8sxn.pdf

Construction of Clostridium tyrobutyricum strain and ionic membrane technology combination pattern for refinery final molasses recovery and butyric acid production

Ya-Juan Wang

Papers

Chinese expert consensus on the perinatal and neonatal management for the prevention and control of the 2019 novel coronavirus infection (First edition)

Construction of Clostridium tyrobutyricum strain and ionic membrane technology combination pattern for refinery final molasses recovery and butyric acid production