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Electronic Transport In Mesoscopic Systems

Memory effects are ubiquitous in nature and are particularly relevant at the nanoscale where the dynamical properties of electrons and ions strongly depend on the history of the system, at least within certain time scales. We review here the memory properties of various materials and systems which appear most strikingly in their non-trivial, time-dependent resistive, capacitative and inductive characteristics. We describe these characteristics within the framework of memristors, memcapacitors and meminductors, namely memory-circuit elements with properties that depend on the history and state of the system. We examine basic issues related to such systems and critically report on both theoretical and experimental progress in understanding their functionalities. We also discuss possible applications of memory effects in various areas of science and technology ranging from digital to analog electronics, biologically inspired circuits and learning. We finally discuss future research opportunities in the field.

Memory effects in complex materials and nanoscale systems

Resonance conditions for a substrate-superstrate printed antenna geometry which allow for large antenna gain are presented. Asymptotic formulas for gain, beamwidth, and bandwidth are given, and the bandwidth limitation of the method is discussed. The method is extended to produce narrow patterns about the horizon, and directive patterns at two different angles.

Gain enhancement methods for printed circuit antennas

This paper provides a detailed overview of developments in transducer materials technology relating to their current and future applications in micro-scale devices. Recent advances in piezoelectric, magnetostrictive and shape-memory alloy systems are discussed and emerging transducer materials such as magnetic nanoparticles, expandable micro-spheres and conductive polymers are introduced. Materials properties, transducer mechanisms and end applications are described and the potential for integration of the materials with ancillary systems components is viewed as an essential consideration. The review concludes with a short discussion of structural polymers that are extending the range of micro-fabrication techniques available to designers and production engineers beyond the limitations of silicon fabrication technology.

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New materials for micro-scale sensors and actuators An engineering review

Stripline (SL), vector network analyzer (VNA), and pulsed inductive microwave magnetometer (PIMM) techniques were used to measure the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth for a series of Permalloy films with thicknesses of 50 and 100nm. The SL-FMR measurements were made for fixed frequencies from 1.5to5.5GHz. The VNA-FMR and PIMM measurements were made for fixed in-plane fields from 1.6to8kA∕m (20–100Oe). The results provide a confirmation, lacking until now, that the linewidths measured by these three methods are consistent and compatible. In the field format, the linewidths are a linear function of frequency, with a slope that corresponds to a nominal Landau-Lifshitz phenomenological damping parameter α value of 0.007 and zero frequency intercepts in the 160–320A∕m (2–4Oe) range. In the frequency format, the corresponding linewidth versus frequency response shows a weak upward curvature at the lowest measurement frequencies and a leveling off at high frequencies.

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Ferromagnetic resonance linewidth in metallic thin films: Comparison of measurement methods | NIST

We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, a passive, electrically tunable integrated radio frequency (RF) inductor based on a planar solenoid with a thin-film ferromagnetic(FM) (NiFe) core. Variation of inductance is achieved by leading an additional dc current through the same device, thereby changing the effective permeability of the FM core. Tuning ranges (relative variations in inductance) of 85%, 35%, and 20% are achieved at 0.1, 1, and 2 GHz, respectively, for inductances in the range of 1 to 150 nH.

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Integrated tunable magnetic RF inductor

Nanometer-thick yttrium iron garnet films, grown on gadolinium gallium garnet substrates by pulsed laser deposition, exhibit remarkably high crystallinity and atomically smooth surfaces. The pseudomorphic growth mechanism leads to large negative out-of-plane uniaxial anisotropy, narrow resonance linewidths, and minimal damping. Magnetic resonance measurements indicate that both the Gilbert damping parameter and inhomogeneous linewidth broadening $\Delta H_{pp,0}$ are consistently low for films of various thicknesses. Even at film thickness $\approx 20$ nm, we attain $\alpha \approx 2\times 10^{-4}$ and $\Delta H_{pp,0} \approx 1$ Oe, which are among the lowest values ever reported.

Pseudomorphic Yttrium Iron Garnet Thin Films With Low Damping and Inhomogeneous Linewidth Broadening

The authors report on the observation of nonreciprocal spin wave propagation in a thin ( ? 200?nm) patterned Ni–Fe stripe. The spin wave transmission spectrum is measured using a pair of microstrip lines as antennas. The nonreciprocity of surface wave dispersion brought about by an adjacent aluminum ground leads to a nonreciprocal coupling of the antennas. The effects of Ni–Fe film conductivity, thickness, and reflections caused by the lateral confinement of the magnetic stripe are discussed. The nonreciprocity observed in this structure can potentially be used to realize nonreciprocal microwave devices on silicon.

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Nonreciprocal spin wave spectroscopy of thin Ni–Fe stripes

Ferromagnetic (FM) films suitable for implementation in between interconnect layers of a standard CMOS fabrication process are demonstrated to yield considerable size reduction of monolithic radio frequency (RF) inductors, leading to lower cost. The deposition of a FM Cr(5 nm)/Fe/sub 10/Co/sub 90/(500 nm)/Cr(15 nm) stack is performed by magnetron sputtering at room temperature under a dc magnetic field of /spl sim/ 10 mT along the magnetic easy-axis. A lift-off technique, using a four-layer shadow mask, is used for pattern transfer to the magnetic stack to circumvent apparent difficulties in the patterning of FM films. A series of solenoid-type inductors with FM cores are demonstrated and compared to control devices with air cores. A more than eight-fold enhancement of the inductance and a seven-fold improvement of the quality factor are achieved.

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Integrated solenoid inductors with patterned, sputter-deposited Cr/Fe/sub 10/Co/sub 90//Cr ferromagnetic cores

Integrated solenoidal radio-frequency (RF) inductors and transformers with a ferromagnetic core are demonstrated by using a fully IC-compatible fabrication process. For a 500-nm-thick Ni/sub 80/Fe/sub 20/ film, a cut-off frequency of over 7.5 GHz for a 2.5-nH inductor is realized. Optimum inductor design based on tailored inductance, quality factor, and cut-off frequency is discussed. RF transformers realized have a coupling factor of /spl sim/70% up to 200 MHz.

Yan Zhuang

Papers

Integrated tunable magnetic RF inductor

Pseudomorphic Yttrium Iron Garnet Thin Films With Low Damping and Inhomogeneous Linewidth Broadening

Nonreciprocal spin wave spectroscopy of thin Ni–Fe stripes

Integrated solenoid inductors with patterned, sputter-deposited Cr/Fe/sub 10/Co/sub 90//Cr ferromagnetic cores

Ferromagnetic RF inductors and transformers for standard CMOS/BiCMOS