This paper presents a review on the field of inclusive quasielastic electron-nucleus scattering. It discusses the approach used to measure the data and includes a compilation of data available in numerical form. The theoretical approaches used to interpret the data are presented. A number of results obtained from the comparison between experiment and calculation are then reviewed. The analogies to, and differences from, other fields of physics exploiting quasielastic scattering from composite systems are pointed out.

https://arxiv.org/pdf/nucl-ex/0603029.pdf

Inclusive quasielastic electron-nucleus scattering

Nuclear response in electromagnetic interactions with complex nuclei

Many-body approach to the inclusive (e, e′) reaction from the quasielastic to the Δ excitation region

The status of the EMC effect, the anomalous scattering of leptons on nuclei, is reviewed, together with models which have been formulated to explain it. The implications for other processes are discussed, in particular the relevance to problems in conventional nuclear physics.

http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/66/8/201/pdf

The EMC effect

A consistent analysis of (e,e'p) and (d,3He) experiments.

We describe a calculation for the electron Coulomb distortion effects in ({ital e},{ital e}{prime}{ital p}) in the quasielastic region from medium and heavy nuclei. The bound nucleons are described by single-particle Dirac wave functions in the presence of scalar and vector potentials which are parametrized fits to relativistic Hartree potentials, while the wave function of the knocked-out nucleon is a solution to the Dirac equation with the relativistic optical potential. The electron wave functions are solutions to the Dirac equation in the presence of the Coulomb potential of the nucleus and the interaction with the selected nucleon is treated to first order. We examine the {sup 40}Ca({ital e},{ital e}{prime}{ital p}) reaction in both parallel and {omega}-{ital q} constant kinematics. We find that electron Coulomb distortion has a smaller effect in {omega}-{ital q} constant kinematics than in parallel kinematics. The principal effect in parallel kinematics is to shift the maximum and minimum of the reduced cross section which is consistent with the experimental data. Occupation numbers of about 70% to 80% are needed to normalize the distorted-wave Born approximation calculation to the {sup 40}Ca({ital e},{ital e}{prime}{ital p}) experimental data. We also calculate the reduced cross section for the 3{ital s}{sub 1/2}more » state in {sup 208}Pb and compare our results to experimental data and previous calculations. We find no significant difference in using relativistic, as compared with nonrelativistic, nuclear wave functions. We do find significant corrections to earlier methods of treating Coulomb distortion which, in turn, affect the occupation number extracted from experiment. We find an occupation number for this state of 71.4%.« less

Electron Coulomb effects in quasielastic (e,e'p) reactions.

Differential cross sections for quasielastic electron scattering on ${}^{40}$Ca have been measured at laboratory scattering angles of 45.5$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, 90$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$, and 140$\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ with bombarding energies ranging from 130 to 840 MeV. Transverse and longitudinal response functions have been extracted for momentum transfers from 300 to 500 MeV/$c$. Contrary to some previously reported results, the total observed longitudinal strength agrees with the relativistic Fermi gas prediction to within $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}$18%.

Quasielastic electron scattering from 40 Ca

In this paper we address the adequacy of various approximate methods of including Coulomb distortion effects in (e,${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reactions by comparing to an exact treatment using Dirac-Coulomb distorted waves. In particular, we examine approximate methods and analyses of (e,${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reactions developed by Traini et al. using a high energy approximation of the distorted waves and phase shifts due to Lenz and Rosenfelder. This approximation has been used in the separation of longitudinal and transverse structure functions in a number of (e,${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) experiments including the newly published $^{208}\mathrm{Pb}$(e,${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) data from Saclay. We find that the assumptions used by Traini and others are not valid for typical (e,${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) experiments on medium and heavy nuclei, and hence the extracted structure functions based on this formalism are not reliable. We describe an improved approximation which is also based on the high energy approximation of Lenz and Rosenfelder and the analyses of Knoll and compare our results to the Saclay data. At each step of our analyses we compare our approximate results to the exact distorted wave results and can therefore quantify the errors made by our approximations. We find that for light nuclei, we can get an excellent treatment of Coulomb distortion effects on (e,${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reactions just by using a good approximation to the distorted waves, but for medium and heavy nuclei simple additional ad hoc factors need to be included. We describe an explicit procedure for using our approximate analyses to extract so-called longitudinal and transverse structure functions from (e,${\mathit{e}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$) reactions in the quasielastic region. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.

Approximate treatment of electron Coulomb distortion in quasielastic (e,e') reactions.

Longitudinal response functions for 40Ca from quasi-elastic electron scattering

We report a calculation of inclusive electron scattering from {sup 40}Ca in the quasielastic region where we use relativistic Hartree bound-state wave functions for the nucleons and use the same real potential for the final-state interaction which guarantees orthogonality of initial and final states, current conservation, and, hence, gauge invariance. This potential gives quite good agreement with the measured cross sections, especially for energy transfer above the quasielastic peak approaching the dip region; however, it still does not successfully reproduce the experimentally separated longitudinal and transverse structure functions. We use this simple model which gives a reasonable fit to the cross-section data to discuss possible problems involved in the experimental separation procedure, which might distort the extraction of the longitudinal structure function.

Yanhe Jin

Papers

Electron Coulomb effects in quasielastic (e,e'p) reactions.

Quasielastic electron scattering from 40 Ca

Approximate treatment of electron Coulomb distortion in quasielastic (e,e') reactions.

Longitudinal response functions for 40Ca from quasi-elastic electron scattering

Single particle analysis of (e,e') and the value of separated structure functions.