다중혈관 관상동맥 환자에서 y-문합을 이용하여 양쪽 내흉동맥만을 사용한 우회술의 조기 성적

In this review, we highlight the use of organic photoredox catalysts in a myriad of synthetic transformations with a range of applications. This overview is arranged by catalyst class where the photophysics and electrochemical characteristics of each is discussed to underscore the differences and advantages to each type of single electron redox agent. We highlight both net reductive and oxidative as well as redox neutral transformations that can be accomplished using purely organic photoredox-active catalysts. An overview of the basic photophysics and electron transfer theory is presented in order to provide a comprehensive guide for employing this class of catalysts in photoredox manifolds.

Organic Photoredox Catalysis

Efficient and reliable amplification of chirality has borne its greatest fruit with transition metal-catalyzed reactions since enantiocontrol may often be imposed by replacing an achiral or chiral racemic ligand with one that is chiral and scalemic While the most thoroughly developed enantioselective transition metal-catalyzed reactions are those involving transfer of oxygen (epoxidation and dihydroxylation)1,2 and molecular hydrogen,3 the focus of this review is on the area of enantioselective transition metal-catalyzed allylic alkylations which may involve C-C as well as C-X (X ) H or heteroatom) bond formation4-9 The synthetic utility of transitionmetal-catalyzed allylic alkylations has been soundly demonstrated since its introduction nearly three decades ago10-21 In contrast to processes where the allyl moiety acts as the nucleophilic partner, we will limit our discussion to processes which result in nucleophilic displacements on allylic substrates (eq 1) Such reactions have been recorded with a broad

http://web4.uwindsor.ca/users/j/jlichaa/reference.nsf/0/10ff8b04ff3a317885256d88005720f6/$FILE/cr-1996-96-395-allylpd-asym.pdf

Asymmetric Transition Metal-Catalyzed Allylic Alkylations.

Asymmetric enamine catalysis.

Since the discovery of organic azides by Peter Griess more than 140 years ago, numerous syntheses of these energy-rich molecules have been developed. In more recent times in particular, completely new perspectives have been developed for their use in peptide chemistry, combinatorial chemistry, and heterocyclic synthesis. Organic azides have assumed an important position at the interface between chemistry, biology, medicine, and materials science. In this Review, the fundamental characteristics of azide chemistry and current developments are presented. The focus will be placed on cycloadditions (Huisgen reaction), aza ylide chemistry, and the synthesis of heterocycles. Further reactions such as the aza-Wittig reaction, the Sundberg rearrangement, the Staudinger ligation, the Boyer and Boyer-Aube rearrangements, the Curtius rearrangement, the Schmidt rearrangement, and the Hemetsberger rearrangement bear witness to the versatility of modern azide chemistry.

Organic Azides: An Exploding Diversity of a Unique Class of Compounds

Copper(I)-catalyzed aminations of propargyl phosphates and acetates proceed under mild reaction conditions to give the corresponding propargylamines which are precursors of 1-alken-3-ylamines and (Z)-allylamines

Copper(I)-Catalyzed Amination of Propargyl Esters. Selective Synthesis of Propargylamines, 1-Alken-3-ylamines, and (Z)-Allylamines

Novel biomimetic, aerobic oxidation with an organocatalyst was performed. The oxidations of organic substrates such as sulfides, secondary amines, N-hydroxylamines, and tertiary amines with molecular oxygen (1 atm) or even in air in the presence of 5-ethyl-3-methyllumiflavinium perchlorate catalyst and hydrazine monohydrate in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol occur highly efficiently to give the corresponding oxidized compounds in excellent yields along with water and molecular nitrogen, which are environmentally benign. The TON of the oxidation of sulfides amounts to 19 000.

Flavin Catalyzed Oxidations of Sulfides and Amines with Molecular Oxygen

Le palladium(0) catalyse la reaction d'esters d'allyles tels que des phosphates, carbonates et carboxylates avec l'azoture de sodium pour donner des azotures d'allyles. La reaction d'azotures d'allyles avec la triphenylphosphine donne des iminotriphenylphosphoranes, qui sont des intermediaires synthetiques d'allylamines primaires, de N-allylimines, et de N-allylamides. Le traitement des azotures d'allyles avec la triphenylphosphine puis une solution aqueuse d'ammonium donne des allylamines primaires. D'autres applications synthetiques des azotures d'allyles sont egalement decrites

Palladium(0)-catalyzed azidation of allyl esters. Selective synthesis of allyl azides, primary allylamines, and related compounds

Asymmetric baeyer-villiger reaction with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by a novel planar-chiral bisflavin.

Nitrones are important compounds and are highly useful in many aspects. The first part describes the methods for synthesis of nitrones, which are useful and environmentally friendly. Catalytic oxidations, condensations, and other useful reactions are described. The nitrones thus obtained are key intermediates for the synthesis of biologically important nitrogen compounds. The second part describes the fundamental transformations of nitrones, which will provide the strategies and means for the construction of nitrogen compounds. The reactions with nucleophiles or radicals, C–H functionalization, and various addition reactions are described. The last reactions are particularly important for highly selective carbon—carbon bond formations. 1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions are excluded because the size of the review is limited and excellent reviews have been published in Chemical Reviews.

/pdf/synthesis-and-transformations-of-nitrones-for-organic-45nqssi8wz.pdf

Yasushi Imada

Papers

Copper(I)-Catalyzed Amination of Propargyl Esters. Selective Synthesis of Propargylamines, 1-Alken-3-ylamines, and (Z)-Allylamines

Flavin Catalyzed Oxidations of Sulfides and Amines with Molecular Oxygen

Palladium(0)-catalyzed azidation of allyl esters. Selective synthesis of allyl azides, primary allylamines, and related compounds

Asymmetric baeyer-villiger reaction with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by a novel planar-chiral bisflavin.

Synthesis and Transformations of Nitrones for Organic Synthesis