This essential reference for graduate students and researchers provides a unified treatment of earthquakes and faulting as two aspects of brittle tectonics at different timescales. The intimate connection between the two is manifested in their scaling laws and populations, which evolve from fracture growth and interactions between fractures. The connection between faults and the seismicity generated is governed by the rate and state dependent friction laws - producing distinctive seismic styles of faulting and a gamut of earthquake phenomena including aftershocks, afterslip, earthquake triggering, and slow slip events. The third edition of this classic treatise presents a wealth of new topics and new observations. These include slow earthquake phenomena; friction of phyllosilicates, and at high sliding velocities; fault structures; relative roles of strong and seismogenic versus weak and creeping faults; dynamic triggering of earthquakes; oceanic earthquakes; megathrust earthquakes in subduction zones; deep earthquakes; and new observations of earthquake precursory phenomena.

The Mechanics of Earthquakes and Faulting

Source mechanisms and tectonic significance of historical earthquakes along the nankai trough, Japan

(1976). Nuclear Tracks in Solids (Principles and Applications) Nuclear Technology: Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 91-92.

Nuclear Tracks in Solids (Principles and Applications)

During the Last Glacial Maximum, ice sheets covered large areas in northern latitudes, and global temperatures were significantly lower than today. But few direct estimates exist of the volume of the ice sheets, or the timing and rates of change during their advance and retreat. Here we analyze four distinct sediment facies in the shallow, tectonically stable Bonaparte Gulf, Australia - each of which is characteristic of a distinct range in sea level - to estimate the maximum volume of land-based ice during the last glaciation and the timing of the initial melting phase. We use faunal assemblages and preservation status of the sediments to distinguish open marine, shallow marine, marginal marine and brackish conditions, and estimate the timing and the mass of the ice sheets using radiocarbon dating and glacio-hydroisostatic modelling. Our results indicate that from at least 22,000 to 19,000 (calendar) years before present, land-based ice volume was at its maximum, exceeding today's grounded ice sheets by 52.5 x 10 exp 6 cu km. A rapid decrease in ice volume by about 10 percent within a few hundred years terminated the Last Glacial Maximum at 19,000 +/- 250 years.

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Timing of the Last Glacial Maximum from observed sea-level minima

We present historical and geomorphological evidence of a regularity in earthquake recurrence at three different sites of plate convergence around the Japan arcs. The regularity shows that the larger an earthquake is, the longer is the following quiet period. In other words, the time interval between two successive large earthquakes is approximately proportional to the amount of coseismic displacement of the preceding earthquake and not of the following earthquake. The regularity enables us, in principle, to predict the approximate occurrence time of earthquakes. The data set includes 1) a historical document describing repeated measurements of water depth at Murotsu near the focal region of Nankaido earthquakes, 2) precise levelling and /sup 14/C dating of Holocene uplifted terraces in the southern boso peninsula facing the Sagami trough, and 3) similar geomorphological data on exposed Holocene coral reefs in Kikai Island along the Ryukyu arc.

Time‐predictable recurrence model for large earthquakes

The southern Kanto region has had two shocks of magnitude 8 or greater during the past 1,000 years. They were the 1703 and 1923 earthquakes, which occurred along the Sagami trough, a northeastern boundary of the Philippine Sea crustal plate in contact with the Asian plate. Although they occurred in nearly the same region, the 1703 earthquake was significantly different from the 1923 earthquake in the distribution of coastal uplift and tsunami height. The 1703 earthquake deformation is described on the basis of the height of the marine terraces along the coast of the southern Kanto region. The 1703 earthquake is interpreted, as is the 1923 earthquake, as the result of low-angle right-lateral faulting with a thrust component at the plate boundary. However, the fault surface in 1703 was longer (about 200 km) and was located farther east than that of the 1923 earthquake. On the basis of the pattern of coastal uplift and the trend of the Sagami trough, the fault surface of the 1703 earthquake can be divided into three planes, which involve the eastern part of the source region of the 1923 earthquake to the west (plane A), the Kamogawa submarine cliff in the middle (plane B), and a segment near the source region of the 1953 Boso-Oki earthquake (M equals 8.0) to the east (plane C). The Boso and Miura Peninsulas in the sourthern Kanto region have been uplifted during at least the last 6,000 years, and major uplifts have been accompained by earthquakes like those of 1703 and 1923 many times. The recurrence time of similar uplifts is estimated at 800 to 1,500 years on the basis of the numbers of the uplifted Holocene terraces in the Boso Peninsula, the rate of upheaval during the last 6,000 years, and the present geodetic data. Thus, it is unlikely that major earthquakes such as the 1703 and 1923 earthquakes will occur in the same segments in the near future. The Oiso area, however, which is located west of the western end of the 1703 faulting, seems higher in seismic risk than the other parts of the Sagami trough fault, because the sum of the recent uplift in the 1703 and 1923 earthquakes in that area is significantly less than the average rate of uplift there during the past 6,000 years. /Author/

Fault mechanism and recurrence time of major earthquakes in southern Kanto district, Japan, as deduced from coastal terrace data

Holocene paleoseismicity in the fold and thrust belt of the Hikurangi subduction zone, eastern North Island, New Zealand

Remnants of four aggradational terraces in the lower 45 km of the main branch of the Waipaoa River have been correlated with cold/cool climate episodes of the Otiran glaciation. The youngest of the aggradation levels—the Waipaoa‐1 terrace—has the c. 14.7 kaRerewhakaaituTephra as the oldest part of the coverbed sequence, indicating cessation of aggradation about 16 ka BP. This terrace is broadly correlated with Ohakean‐aged terraces in other parts of the North Island. The second most recent episode of aggradation—the Waipaoa‐2 terrace—is slightly older than the c. 28 ka Mangaone Tephra, and is broadly correlated with the Rata terrace. The third most recent aggradation episode— the Waipaoa‐3 terrace—is slightly older than the c. 55–57 ka Rotoehu Tephra (age estimate based on stratigraphic relationships in this study), indicating cessation of aggradation at c. 65 ka BP, and correlative with the Porewa terrace. The fourth, and oldest, aggradation episode we identify in the present landscape—the Waipa...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288306.2000.9514883

Yoko Ota

Papers

Fault mechanism and recurrence time of major earthquakes in southern Kanto district, Japan, as deduced from coastal terrace data

Holocene paleoseismicity in the fold and thrust belt of the Hikurangi subduction zone, eastern North Island, New Zealand

Tectonic and paleoclimatic significance of Quaternary river terraces of the Waipaoa river, east coast, North Island, New Zealand

Holocene Coral Reef Terraces and Coseismic Uplift of Huon Peninsula, Papua New Guinea

Contrasting styles and rates of tectonic uplift of coral reef terraces in the Ryukyu and Daito Islands, southwestern Japan