The limited resources and uneven distribution of lithium stimulate strong motivation to develop new rechargeable batteries that use alternative charge carriers. Potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) are at the top of the list of alternatives because of the abundant raw materials and relatively high energy density, fast ion transport kinetics in the electrolyte, and low cost. However, several challenges still hinder the development of PIBs, such as low reversible capacity, poor rate performance, and inferior cycling stability. Research on the cathode is currently focused on developing materials with high energy density and cycling stability, mainly including layered transition metal oxides, polyanion compounds, organic compounds, etc. Anodes based on intercalation reactions, conversion reactions, and alloying with potassium are currently under development, and promising results have been published. This review comprehensively summarizes the research effort to date on the electrode material optimization (e.g., crystals, morphology, reaction mechanisms, and interface control), the synthesis methods, and the full cell fabrication for PIBs to enhance the electrochemical potassium storage and provide a platform for further development in this battery system.

Potassium-ion batteries: outlook on present and future technologies

Prospects of Electrode Materials and Electrolytes for Practical Potassium-Based Batteries

Rational design of carbon materials as anodes for potassium-ion batteries

Metallic bismuth has drawn attention as a promising alloying anode for advanced potassium ion batteries (PIBs). However, serious volume expansion/electrode pulverization and sluggish kinetics always lead to its inferior cycling and rate properties for practical applications. Therefore, advanced Bi-based anodes via structural/compositional optimization and sur-/interface design are needed. Herein, we develop a bottom-up avenue to fabricate nanoscale Bi encapsulated in a 3D N-doped carbon nanocages (Bi@N-CNCs) framework with a void space by using a novel Bi-based metal-organic framework as the precursor. With elaborate regulation in annealing temperatures, the optimized Bi@N-CNCs electrode exhibits large reversible capacities and long-duration cyclic stability at high rates when evaluated as competitive anodes for PIBs. Insights into the intrinsic K+ -storage processes of the Bi@N-CNCs anode are put forward from comprehensive in situ characterizations.

Unveiling Intrinsic Potassium Storage Behaviors of Hierarchical Nano Bi@N-Doped Carbon Nanocages Framework via In Situ Characterizations

Conversion-alloying dual mechanism anode: Nitrogen-doped carbon-coated Bi2Se3 wrapped with graphene for superior potassium-ion storage

Metallic bismuth (Bi) has been widely explored as remarkable anode material in alkali-ion batteries due to its high gravimetric/volumetric capacity. However, the huge volume expansion up to ≈406% from Bi to full potassiation phase K3 Bi, inducing the slow kinetics and poor cycling stability, hinders its implementation in potassium-ion batteries (PIBs). Here, facile strategy is developed to synthesize hierarchical bismuth nanodots/graphene (BiND/G) composites with ultrahigh-rate and durable potassium ion storage derived from an in situ spontaneous reduction of sodium bismuthate/graphene composites. The in situ formed ultrafine BiND (≈3 nm) confined in graphene layers can not only effectively accommodate the volume change during the alloying/dealloying process but can also provide high-speed channels for ionic transport to the highly active BiND. The BiND/G electrode provides a superior rate capability of 200 mA h g-1 at 10 A g-1 and an impressive reversible capacity of 213 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1 after 500 cycles with almost no capacity decay. An operando synchrotron radiation-based X-ray diffraction reveals distinctively sharp multiphase transitions, suggesting its underlying operation mechanisms and superiority in potassium ion storage application.

Yong Yang

Papers

In Situ Formation of Hierarchical Bismuth Nanodots/Graphene Nanoarchitectures for Ultrahigh-Rate and Durable Potassium-Ion Storage.