Macrophages display remarkable plasticity and can change their physiology in response to environmental cues. These changes can give rise to different populations of cells with distinct functions. In this Review we suggest a new grouping of macrophage populations based on three different homeostatic activities - host defence, wound healing and immune regulation. We propose that similarly to primary colours, these three basic macrophage populations can blend into various other 'shades' of activation. We characterize each population and provide examples of macrophages from specific disease states that have the characteristics of one or more of these populations.

/pdf/exploring-the-full-spectrum-of-macrophage-activation-b5rnrcgcen.pdf

Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation.

The last decade has seen a sharp increase in the number of scientific publications describing physiological and pathological functions of extracellular vesicles (EVs), a collective term covering various subtypes of cell-released, membranous structures, called exosomes, microvesicles, microparticles, ectosomes, oncosomes, apoptotic bodies, and many other names. However, specific issues arise when working with these entities, whose size and amount often make them difficult to obtain as relatively pure preparations, and to characterize properly. The International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV) proposed Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles (“MISEV”) guidelines for the field in 2014. We now update these “MISEV2014” guidelines based on evolution of the collective knowledge in the last four years. An important point to consider is that ascribing a specific function to EVs in general, or to subtypes of EVs, requires reporting of specific information beyond mere description of function in a crude, potentially contaminated, and heterogeneous preparation. For example, claims that exosomes are endowed with exquisite and specific activities remain difficult to support experimentally, given our still limited knowledge of their specific molecular machineries of biogenesis and release, as compared with other biophysically similar EVs. The MISEV2018 guidelines include tables and outlines of suggested protocols and steps to follow to document specific EV-associated functional activities. Finally, a checklist is provided with summaries of key points.

/pdf/minimal-information-for-studies-of-extracellular-vesicles-3s0intarv4.pdf

Minimal information for studies of extracellular vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018) : a position statement of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and update of the MISEV2014 guidelines

Diversity and plasticity are hallmarks of cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. In response to IFNs, Toll-like receptor engagement, or IL-4/IL-13 signaling, macrophages undergo M1 (classical) or M2 (alternative) activation, which represent extremes of a continuum in a universe of activation states. Progress has now been made in defining the signaling pathways, transcriptional networks, and epigenetic mechanisms underlying M1-M2 or M2-like polarized activation. Functional skewing of mononuclear phagocytes occurs in vivo under physiological conditions (e.g., ontogenesis and pregnancy) and in pathology (allergic and chronic inflammation, tissue repair, infection, and cancer). However, in selected preclinical and clinical conditions, coexistence of cells in different activation states and unique or mixed phenotypes have been observed, a reflection of dynamic changes and complex tissue-derived signals. The identification of mechanisms and molecules associated with macrophage plasticity and polarized activation provides a basis for macrophage-centered diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

/pdf/macrophage-plasticity-and-polarization-in-vivo-veritas-3j0n8qsu6m.pdf

Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas

Allergic rhinitis is a symptomatic disorder of the nose induced after allergen exposure by an IgE-mediated inflammation of the membranes lining the nose. It is a global health problem that causes major illness and disability worldwide. Over 600 million patients from all countries, all ethnic groups and of all ages suffer from allergic rhinitis. It affects social life, sleep, school and work and its economic impact is substantial. Risk factors for allergic rhinitis are well identified. Indoor and outdoor allergens as well as occupational agents cause rhinitis and other allergic diseases. The role of indoor and outdoor pollution is probably very important, but has yet to be fully understood both for the occurrence of the disease and its manifestations.

In 1999, during the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma (ARIA) WHO workshop, the expert panel proposed a new classification for allergic rhinitis which was subdivided into 'intermittent' or 'persistent' disease.

This classification is now validated. The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis is often quite easy, but in some cases it may cause problems and many patients are still under-diagnosed, often because they do not perceive the symptoms of rhinitis as a disease impairing their social life, school and work.

The management of allergic rhinitis is well established and the ARIA expert panel based its recommendations on evidence using an extensive review of the literature available up to December 1999. The statements of evidence for the development of these guidelines followed WHO rules and were based on those of Shekelle et al. A large number of papers have been published since 2000 and are extensively reviewed in the 2008 Update using the same evidence-based system. Recommendations for the management of allergic rhinitis are similar in both the ARIA workshop report and the 2008 Update. In the future, the GRADE approach will be used, but is not yet available.

Another important aspect of the ARIA guidelines was to consider co-morbidities. Both allergic rhinitis and asthma are systemic inflammatory conditions and often co-exist in the same patients. In the 2008 Update, these links have been confirmed.

The ARIA document is not intended to be a standard-of-care document for individual countries. It is provided as a basis for physicians, health care professionals and organizations involved in the treatment of allergic rhinitis and asthma in various countries to facilitate the development of relevant local standard-of-care documents for patients.

/pdf/allergic-rhinitis-and-its-impact-on-asthma-aria-2008-update-13eqfzaw4u.pdf

Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) 2008 update (in collaboration with the World Health Organization, GA(2)LEN and AllerGen)

Authors Jan L. Brozek, MD, PhD – Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada Jean Bousquet, MD, PhD – Service des Maladies Respiratoires, Hopital Arnaud de Villeneuve, Montpellier, France, INSERM, CESP U1018, Respiratory and Environmental Epidemiology Team, France, and WHO Collaborating Center for Rhinitis and Asthma Carlos E. Baena-Cagnani, MD – Faculty of Medicine, Catholic University of Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina Sergio Bonini, MD – Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine – CNR, Rome, Italy and Department of Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy G. Walter Canonica, MD – Allergy & Respiratory Diseases, DIMI, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy Thomas B. Casale, MD – Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Creighton University, Omaha, Nebraska, USA Roy Gerth van Wijk, MD, PhD – Section of Allergology, Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands Ken Ohta, MD, PhD – Division of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Department of Medicine, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan Torsten Zuberbier, MD – Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany Holger J. Schunemann, MD, PhD, MSc – Department of Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics and Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

/pdf/allergic-rhinitis-and-its-impact-on-asthma-20b4c7y0pr.pdf

Allergic Rhinitis and Its Impact on Asthma

Procédé de traitement d'une maladie inflammatoire th17 par inhibition des récepteurs du facteur de croissance de l'endothélium vasculaire et composition pharmaceutique associée

The present invention relates to a method for diagnosing ovarian cancer through microbial metagenome analysis and, more specifically, to a method for performing metagenomic analysis by using a sample derived from a subject so as to analyze increases and decreases in the amount of extracellular vesicles derived from specific bacteria or archaea, thereby diagnosing ovarian cancer. The extracellular vesicles secreted from microbes present in the environment are absorbed into the body so as to directly influence the occurrence of cancer, and since early diagnosis of ovarian cancer before symptoms occur is difficult, effective treatment has been difficult. Through the metagenome analysis using a human-derived sample, according to the present invention, the risk of onset of ovarian cancer can be predicted in advance such that ovarian cancer risk groups are diagnosed and predicted in an early stage, thereby enabling the time of onset of the disease to be delayed or the onset of the disease to be prevented through appropriate management, and early diagnosis is enabled even after the onset of the disease, thereby enabling the incidence of ovarian cancer to be lowered and therapeutic effects to be increased.

Method for diagnosing ovarian cancer through microbial metagenome analysis

The present invention relates to a method of diagnosing pancreatic cancer through bacterial metagenomic analysis, and more particularly to a method of diagnosing pancreatic cancer by analyzing an increase or decrease in content of specific bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles through metagenomic analysis using a subject-derived sample. Extracellular vesicles secreted from bacteria existing in the environment are absorbed into the human body, and thus may directly affect the occurrence of cancer, and it is difficult to diagnose pancreatic cancer early before the onset of symptoms so that efficient treatment thereof is difficult. Thus, according to the present invention, a risk for pancreatic cancer can be predicted through metagenomic analysis of bacteria-derived extracellular vesicles using a human body-derived sample, and thus a risk group of pancreatic cancer can be diagnosed early and predicted, thereby delaying the onset of pancreatic cancer or preventing pancreatic cancer through appropriate management, and even after pancreatic cancer occurs, early diagnosis for pancreatic cancer can be implemented, thereby lowering the incidence of pancreatic cancer and increasing therapeutic effects.

Method for diagnosing pancreatic cancer via bacterial metagenomic analysis

https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(07)00997-9/pdf

Mechanisms of asthma and allergic inflammation T H 2 and T H 1 lung inflammation induced by airway allergen sensitization with low and high doses of double-stranded RNA

Aus der darmflora gewonnene extrazelluläre vesikel sowie verfahren zur suche nach einem krankheitsmodell, impfstoff sowie kandidatenstoff und diagnoseverfahren dafür

Yoon Keun Kim

Papers

Procédé de traitement d'une maladie inflammatoire th17 par inhibition des récepteurs du facteur de croissance de l'endothélium vasculaire et composition pharmaceutique associée

Method for diagnosing ovarian cancer through microbial metagenome analysis

Method for diagnosing pancreatic cancer via bacterial metagenomic analysis

Mechanisms of asthma and allergic inflammation T H 2 and T H 1 lung inflammation induced by airway allergen sensitization with low and high doses of double-stranded RNA

Aus der darmflora gewonnene extrazelluläre vesikel sowie verfahren zur suche nach einem krankheitsmodell, impfstoff sowie kandidatenstoff und diagnoseverfahren dafür