A novel class of compounds, known as peptide nucleic acids, bind complementary ssDNA and RNA strands more strongly than a corresponding DNA. The peptide nucleic acids generally comprise ligands such as naturally occurring DNA bases attached to a peptide backbone through a suitable linker.

/pdf/peptide-nucleic-acids-1hpyrn4znw.pdf

Peptide nucleic acids

2.1.6. Tacticity and Sequence: Advanced Control 4967 2.2. Transition Metal Catalysts 4967 2.2.1. Overviews of Catalysts 4967 2.2.2. Ruthenium 4967 2.2.3. Copper 4971 2.2.4. Iron 4971 2.2.5. Nickel 4975 2.2.6. Molybdenum 4975 2.2.7. Manganese 4976 2.2.8. Osmium 4976 2.2.9. Cobalt 4976 2.2.10. Other Metals 4976 2.3. Cocatalysts (Additives) 4977 2.3.1. Overview of Cocatalysts 4977 2.3.2. Reducing Agents 4977 2.3.3. Free Radical Initiators 4977 2.3.4. Metal Alkoxides 4977 2.3.5. Amines 4978 2.3.6. Halogen Source 4978 2.4. Initiators 4978 2.4.1. Overview of Initiators: Scope and Design 4978 2.4.2. Alkyl Halides 4978 2.4.3. Arenesulfonyl Halides 4979 2.4.4. N-Chloro Compounds 4979 2.4.5. Halogen-Free Initiators 4979 2.5. Solvents 4980 2.5.1. Overview of Solvents 4980 2.5.2. Catalyst Solubility and Coordination of Solvent 4981 2.5.3. Environmentally Friendly Solvents 4981 2.5.4. Water 4981 2.5.5. Catalytic Solvents: Catalyst Disproportionation 4981

Transition metal-catalyzed living radical polymerization : toward perfection in catalysis and precision polymer synthesis

Background During the last few decades, progress has been made in manipulating the architecture of synthetic polymer materials. However, the primary structure—that is, the sequential arrangement of monomer units in a polymer chain—is generally poorly controlled in synthetic macromolecules. Common synthetic polymers are usually homopolymers, made of the same monomer unit, or copolymers with simple chain microstructures, such as random or block copolymers. These polymers are used in many areas but do not have the structural and functional complexity of sequence-defined biopolymers, such as nucleic acids or proteins. Indeed, monomer sequence regulation plays a key role in biology and is a prerequisite for crucial features of life, such as heredity, self-replication, complex self-assembly, and molecular recognition. In this context, developing synthetic polymers containing controlled monomer sequences is an important area for research. Precise molecular encoding of synthetic polymer chains. In most synthetic copolymers, monomer units (represented here as colored square boxes A, B, C, and D) are distributed randomly along the polymer chains (left). In sequence-controlled polymers, they are arranged in a speciﬁc order in all of the chains (right). Monomer sequence regularity strongly inﬂuences the molecular, supramolecular, andmacroscopic properties of polymer materials. Advances Various synthetic methods for controlling monomer sequences in polymers have been identified, and two major trends in the field of sequence-controlled polymers have emerged. Some approaches use biological concepts that have been optimized by nature for sequence regulation. For instance, DNA templates, enzymes, or even living organisms can be used to prepare sequence-defined polymers. These natural mechanisms can be adapted to tolerate nonnatural monomers. The other trend is the preparation of sequence-controlled polymers by synthetic chemistry. In the most popular approach, monomer units are attached one by one to a support, which is an efficient method but demanding in practice. Recently, some strategies have been proposed for controlling sequences in chain-growth and step-growth polymerizations. These mechanisms usually allow fast and large-scale synthesis of polymers. Specific kinetics and particular catalytic or template conditions allow sequence regulation in these processes. Outlook The possibility of controlling monomer sequences in synthetic macromolecules has many scientific and technological implications. Information can be controlled at the molecular level in synthetic polymer chains. This opens up interesting perspectives for the field of data storage. In addition, having power over monomer sequences could mean structural control of the resulting polymer, as it strongly influences macromolecular folding and self-assembly. For instance, functional synthetic assemblies that mimic the properties of globular proteins, such as enzymes and transporters, can be foreseen. Moreover, monomer sequence control influences some macroscopic properties. For example, bulk properties such as conductivity, rigidity, elasticity, or biodegradability can be finely tuned in sequence-controlled polymers. The behavior of polymers in solution, particularly in water, is also strongly dependent on monomer sequences. Thus, sequence regulation may enable a more effective control of structure-property relations in tomorrow’s polymer materials.

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/341/6146/1238149.full.pdf

Sequence-controlled polymers.

A novel class of compounds, known as peptide nucleic acids, bind complementary DNA and RNA strands more strongly than a corresponding DNA strand, and exhibit increased sequence specificity and solubility. The peptide nucleic acids comprise ligands selected from a group consisting of naturally-occurring nucleobases and non-naturally-occurring nucleobases attached to a polyamide backbone, and contain C1-C8 alkylamine side chains. Methods of enhancing the solubility, binding affinity and sequence specificity of PNAs are provided.

https://orbit.dtu.dk/files/58073632/US5736336.pdf

Peptide nucleic acids having enhanced binding affinity, sequence specificity and solubility

A novel class of compounds, known as peptide nucleic acids, bind complementary DNA and RNA strands more strongly than the corresponding DNA or RNA strands, and exhibit increased sequence specificity and solubility. The peptide nucleic acids comprise ligands selected from a group consisting of naturally-occurring nucleobases and non-naturally-occurring nucleobases attached to a polyamide backbone, and contain alkylamine side chains.

Peptide nucleic acids having amino acid side chains

Nucleotides and oligonucleotides could be separated by using silica-based supports on which immobilized were thymine (Si-Thy), uracil (Si-Ura), cytosine (Si-Cyt), adenine (Si-Ade) and guanine (Si-Gua) derivatives. The chromatographic conditions were as follows: Column: Si-Thy, Si-Ura, Si-Cyt, Si-Ade and Si-Gua; sample: nucleosides, nucleotides and oligonucleotides. These resins showed the ability of the selective separation of nucleotides and oligonucleotides by the specific interaction between complementary bases

/pdf/high-performance-liquid-chromatography-for-selective-130lu2tzui.pdf

High performance liquid chromatography for selective separation of nucleotides and oligonucleotides on nucleic acid base-immobilized silica gel

Nucleic acid analogs were prepared by grafting nucleic acid base derivatives containing hydroxy groups onto poly(L-lysine). The polymers con tained about 70 unit% of the nucleic acid bases, and were easily soluble in water at neutral pH value. Conformational changes and polymer complexes with polynucleotides [Poly(A) and Poly(C)] were observed with specific base- base interactions in aqueous solution.

Synthesis and Interaction Studies on Water Soluble Nucleic Acid Analogs: Poly(L-lysine) Derivatives Containing Thymine and Hypoxanthine*

Nucleic acid base and nucleoside derivatives were bonded to 3-aminopropyl-silanized silica (APS-silica) and silica gel. These resins were useful as the columns of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the selective separation of oligoethyleneimine derivatives having pendant thymine or adenine bases. These column systems were also found to be applicable to the separation of nucleosides, nucleotide, and oligonucleotides.

Nucleic Acid Analogs for High Performance Liquid Chromatography

S-carboxymethyl-L-cysteiii derivatives of nucleic acid bases were prepared as DNA chip probe. These compounds in vitro have been found to form stable complex with oligo-DNA and UNA. This paper deals with preparing new DNA chip using L-cystein derivative synthetic nucleotides as probe and immobinzed it to quartz plate by photosensitive PVA. Then the chip exposed with FITC labeled target DNA was observed by confoeal fluorescence microscope.

/pdf/application-of-l-cystein-derivative-to-dna-microarray-31v5o5lew7.pdf

Application of L-cystein derivative to DNA microarray.

The polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by copper(II) chelates of polyvinylamine, polyvinylacetamide and vinylamine-vinylacetamide copolymers was studied in dimethyl sulfoxide solution. The copper(II) chelates of vinylamine-vinylacetamide copolymers were found to initiate the polymerization of acrylonitrile effectively, even in the absence of carbon tetrachloride, while those of polyvinylamine and polyvinylacetamide initiate only in the presence of carbon tetrachloride. The polymerization activity was assumed to be closely related to the stability of these copolymer-copper(II) chelates. From the results of the polymerization and the visible spectroscopy, an initiation mechanism is discussed.



Die durch Kupfer(II)-chelate von Polyvinylamin, Polyvinylacetamid und Vinylamin-Vinylacetamid-Copolymeren initiierte Polymerisation von Acrylnitril wurde in Dimethylsulfoxidlosung untersucht. Es ergab sich, das die Kupfer(II)-chelate der Vinylamin-Vinylacetamid-Copolymeren die Polymerisation von Acrylnitril sogar in Abwesenheit von Tetrachlorkohlenstoff glatt auslosen konnen, wahrend die Kupfer(II)-chelate von Polyvinylamin und Polyvinylacetamid die Polymerisation erst in Anwesenheit von Tetrachlorkohlenst off auslosen. Die Polymerisationsaktivitat scheint in Beziehung mit der Stabilitat dieser Copolymer-Kupfer(II)-chelate zu stehen. Aus den Ergebnissen der Polymerisation und sichtbarer Spektroskopie wurde der Auslosungsmechanismus diskutiert.

Vinyl polymerization by metal complexes, 28. Polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by copper(II) chelates of vinylamine‐vinylacetamide copolymers in dimethyl sulfoxide solution

Yoshiaki Inaki

Papers

High performance liquid chromatography for selective separation of nucleotides and oligonucleotides on nucleic acid base-immobilized silica gel

Synthesis and Interaction Studies on Water Soluble Nucleic Acid Analogs: Poly(L-lysine) Derivatives Containing Thymine and Hypoxanthine*

Nucleic Acid Analogs for High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Application of L-cystein derivative to DNA microarray.

Vinyl polymerization by metal complexes, 28. Polymerization of acrylonitrile initiated by copper(II) chelates of vinylamine‐vinylacetamide copolymers in dimethyl sulfoxide solution