A literature review is presented regarding the synthesis, and physicochemical, chemical, and mechanical properties of poly(lactic acid)(PLA). Poly(lactic acid) exists as a polymeric helix, with an orthorhombic unit cell. The tensile properties of PLA can vary widely, depending on whether or not it is annealed or oriented or what its degree of crystallinity is. Also discussed are the effects of processing on PLA. Crystallization and crystallization kinetics of PLA are also investigated. Solution and melt rheology of PLA is also discussed. Four different power-law equations and 14 different Mark–Houwink equations are presented for PLA. Nuclear magnetic resonance, UV–VIS, and FTIR spectroscopy of PLA are briefly discussed. Finally, research conducted on starch–PLA composites is introduced.

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A Literature Review of Poly(Lactic Acid)

4.3. Reaction Mechanism 2373 4.4. Asymmetric Synthesis 2374 4.5. Outlook 2374 5. Alternating Polymerization of Oxiranes and CO2 2374 5.1. Reaction Outlines 2374 5.2. Catalyst 2376 5.3. Asymmetric Polymerization 2377 5.4. Immobilized Catalysts 2377 6. Synthesis of Urea and Urethane Derivatives 2378 7. Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid 2379 8. Synthesis of Esters and Lactones 2380 9. Synthesis of Isocyanates 2382 10. Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation, and Alcohol Homologation 2382

Transformation of carbon dioxide.

Polylactic acid is proving to be a viable alternative to petrochemical-based plastics for many applications It is produced from renewable resources and is biodegradable, decomposing to give H2O, CO2, and humus, the black material in soil In addition, it has unique physical properties that make it useful in diverse applications including paper coating, fibers, films, and packaging (see Figure)

Polylactic Acid Technology

s, and 360 patents, and edited 12 books. He has also received over 80 major awards including the Gairdner Foundation International Award, Lemelson-MIT prize, ACS’s Applied Polymer Science and Polymer Chemistry Awards, AICHE’s Professional Progress, Bioengineering, Walker and Stine Materials Science and Engineering Awards. In 1989, Dr. Langer was elected to the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1992 he was elected to both the National Academy of Engineering and the National Academy of Sciences. He is the only active member of all three National Academies. Kevin Shakesheff was born in Ashington, Northumberland, U.K., in 1969. He received his Bacheclor of Pharmacy degree from the University of Nottingham in 1991 and a Ph.D. from the same institution in 1995. In 1996 he became a NATO Postdoctoral Fellow at MIT, Department of Chemical Engineering. He is currently an EPSRC Advanced Fellow at the School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Nottingham. His research group investigates new methods of engineering polymer surfaces and the application of these engineered materials in drug delivery and tissue engineering. 3182 Chemical Reviews, 1999, Vol. 99, No. 11 Uhrich et al.

Polymeric Systems for Controlled Drug Release

RGD modified polymers: biomaterials for stimulated cell adhesion and beyond

Characteristic cell adhesion behaviors on various derivatives of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and a block copolymer of poly(3-[RS]-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(oxyethylene)

An AB diblock copolymer of poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and poly(oxyethylene) (PEG) with a cinnamate terminal in the PEG block was prepared by the copolymerization of L-lactide and partially end-modified PEG followed by fractionation. The first step was the terminal modification of PEG with cinnamoyl chloride (CC), in which the degree of cinnamoylation of the hydroxyl terminals of PEG was roughly controlled by the feed ratio of both reactants. The resultant PEG cinnamate was subjected to copolymerization with L-lactide to produce a mixture of unreacted PEG dicinnamate (C-PEG-C), the diblock copolymer (PLLA-PEG-C), and the triblock copolymer (PLLA-PEG-PLLA) corresponding to the three components of the PEG cinnamate. This mixture was separated by phase fluctuation chromatography (PFC) to obtain PLLA-PEG-C in sufficient purity. This process, involving the stoichiometric control of the terminal reaction of telechelic oligomers and the utilization of PFC for fractionation, can be an efficient method for synthesizing end-functionalized diblock copolymers from readily available telechelic oligomers. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 2405–2414, 2000

Tailoring of block copolymers based on the stoichiometric control of the end‐functionality of telechelic oligomers and the utilization of large‐scale fractionation by phase fluctuation chromatography: A synthetic strategy for the preparation of end‐functionalized poly(L‐lactide)‐block‐poly(oxyethylene)

A new route to pentacovalent cyclic acyloxyphosphoranes

A Novel Bioabsorbable Gel Formed from a Mixed Micelle Solution of Poly(oxyethylene)‐block‐poly(L‐lactide) and Poly(oxyethylene)‐block‐poly(D‐lactide) by Concomitant Stereocomplexation and Chain Extension

The alpha-anomer of 2'-deoxyadenosine 1 is a major adenine lesion produced by hydroxyl radicals in DNA. To assess its biochemical effects on DNA replication, 1 was site-specifically incorporated into oligonucleotide templates using phosphoramidite chemistry. The templates were purified and extensively characterized to ensure their homogeneity and nucleotide sequences.

Yoshiharu Kimura

Papers

Characteristic cell adhesion behaviors on various derivatives of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) and a block copolymer of poly(3-[RS]-hydroxybutyrate) and poly(oxyethylene)

A new route to pentacovalent cyclic acyloxyphosphoranes

A Novel Bioabsorbable Gel Formed from a Mixed Micelle Solution of Poly(oxyethylene)‐block‐poly(L‐lactide) and Poly(oxyethylene)‐block‐poly(D‐lactide) by Concomitant Stereocomplexation and Chain Extension

Synthesis and characterization of oligonucleotides containing the alpha-anomer of deoxyadenosine to study its influence on DNA replication.