The 11th edition of Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine welcomes Anthony Fauci to its editorial staff, in addition to more than 85 new contributors. While the organization of the book is similar to previous editions, major emphasis has been placed on disorders that affect multiple organ systems. Important advances in genetics, immunology, and oncology are emphasized. Many chapters of the book have been rewritten and describe major advances in internal medicine. Subjects that received only a paragraph or two of attention in previous editions are now covered in entire chapters. Among the chapters that have been extensively revised are the chapters on infections in the compromised host, on skin rashes in infections, on many of the viral infections, including cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus, on sexually transmitted diseases, on diabetes mellitus, on disorders of bone and mineral metabolism, and on lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly. The major revisions in these chapters and many

Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine

Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement

Using high-pressure torsion for metal processing: Fundamentals and applications

Dynamic and post-dynamic recrystallization under hot, cold and severe plastic deformation conditions

This article presents an overview of the developments in stainless steels made since the 1990s. Some of the new applications that involve the use of stainless steel are also introduced. A brief introduction to the various classes of stainless steels, their precipitate phases and the status quo of their production around the globe is given first. The advances in a variety of subject areas that have been made recently will then be presented. These recent advances include (1) new findings on the various precipitate phases (the new J phase, new orientation relationships, new phase diagram for the Fe–Cr system, etc.); (2) new suggestions for the prevention/mitigation of the different problems and new methods for their detection/measurement and (3) new techniques for surface/bulk property enhancement (such as laser shot peening, grain boundary engineering and grain refinement). Recent developments in topics like phase prediction, stacking fault energy, superplasticity, metadynamic recrystallisation and the calculation of mechanical properties are introduced, too. In the end of this article, several new applications that involve the use of stainless steels are presented. Some of these are the use of austenitic stainless steels for signature authentication (magnetic recording), the utilisation of the cryogenic magnetic transition of the sigma phase for hot spot detection (the Sigmaplugs), the new Pt-enhanced radiopaque stainless steel (PERSS) coronary stents and stainless steel stents that may be used for magnetic drug targeting. Besides recent developments in conventional stainless steels, those in the high-nitrogen, low-Ni (or Ni-free) varieties are also introduced. These recent developments include new methods for attaining very high nitrogen contents, new guidelines for alloy design, the merits/demerits associated with high nitrogen contents, etc.

Recent developments in stainless steels

Novel ultra-high straining process for bulk materials—development of the accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process

Accumulative roll-Bonding (ARB) is a severe plastic deformation (SPD) process invented by the authors in order to fabricate ultrafine grained metallic materials. ARB is the only SPD process applicable to continuous production of bulky materials. In the process, 50 % rolled material is cut into two, stacked to be the initial dimension and then rolled again. In order to obtain one-body solid material, the rolling in ARB is not only a deformation process but also a bonding process (roll-bonding). By repeating this procedure, SPD of bulky materials can be realized. In this review paper, various kinds of new SPD mechanical properties of the ARB processed materials are indicated.

ARB (Accumulative Roll-Bonding) and Other New Techniques to Produce Bulk Ultrafine Grained Materials

Ultra-fine grained bulk steel produced by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process

Role of shear strain in ultragrain refinement by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process

Accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process is an intense plastic deformation process that has been performed for a 6061 aluminum alloy to develop ultra-fine grains below 1 μm in diameter and to improve mechanical properties. The ARB process up to eight cycles is performed at ambient temperature under unlubricated conditions. The ultra-fine grains surrounded by clear boundaries begin to appear at the third cycle, and the specimen after eight cycles shows a microstructure covered with ultra-fine grains with an average diameter of 310 nm. The tensile strength of the ARB processed 6061 alloy increases with the number of ARB cycles (equivalent total strain), and after eight cycles it reaches the maximum of 363 MPa, which is about three times of the initial. On the other hand, the elongation drops abruptly at the first cycle, above which it decreases progressively with the number of ARB cycles. The hardness of the specimens ARBed by one, three and five cycles varies inhomogeneously in the thickness direction; having peak values near the surface and the center. This is due to the redundant shear strain and wire brushing. The results show that the ARB process is effective for grain refinement and strengthening of 6061 alloy.

Yoshihiro Saito

Papers

Novel ultra-high straining process for bulk materials—development of the accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process

ARB (Accumulative Roll-Bonding) and Other New Techniques to Produce Bulk Ultrafine Grained Materials

Ultra-fine grained bulk steel produced by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process

Role of shear strain in ultragrain refinement by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process

Microstructures and mechanical properties of 6061 aluminum alloy processed by accumulative roll-bonding