政治自由主义 = Political liberalism

Critical Thinking and Education

Multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) is considered as a complex decision-making (DM) tool involving both quantitative and qualitative factors. In recent years, several MCDM techniques and approaches have been suggested to choosing the optimal probable options. The purpose of this article is to systematically review the applications and methodologies of the MCDM techniques and approaches. This study reviewed a total of 393 articles published from 2000 to 2014 in more than 120 peer reviewed journals (extracted from Web of Science). According to experts’ opinion, these articles were grouped into 15 fields. Furthermore, these articles were categorised based on authors, publication date, name of journals, methods, tools, and type of research (MCDM utilising research, MCDM developing research, and MCDM proposing research). The results of this study indicated that in 2013 scholars have published articles more than in other years. In addition, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) method in the individual tool...

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Multiple criteria decision-making techniques and their applications – a review of the literature from 2000 to 2014

The importance of social capital for sustainable development, is by now well recognized. Anthropologists, sociologists, political scientists, and economists have in their own ways, demonstrated the critical role of institutions, networks, and their supporting norms and values, for the success of development interventions. This success often hinges on accurate assessments of social capital in target communities. But the nature, and impact of social capital - the institutions, relationships, attitudes, and values that govern interactions among people - are not easily quantified. "Understanding and Measuring Social Capital" provides a conceptual review, and measurement tools, in a form readily available for development practitioners. The book discusses the respective value of quantitative, and qualitative approaches to the analysis of social capital, illustrating the discussion with examples, and case studies from many countries. It also presents the Social Capital Assessment Tool, which combines quantitative, and qualitative instruments to measure social capital at the level of household, community, and organization, drawing on multidisciplinary, empirical experiences, an application which can provide project managers with valuable baseline, and monitoring information about social capital in its different dimensions.

Understanding and Measuring Social Capital: A Multidisciplinary Tool for Practitioners

generation based on rhetorical structure extraction. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Computational Linguistics, Kyoto, Japan, pages 344–348. Otterbacher, Jahna, Dragomir R. Radev, and Airong Luo. 2002. Revisions that improve cohesion in multi-document summaries: A preliminary study. In ACL Workshop on Text Summarization, Philadelphia. Papineni, K., S. Roukos, T. Ward, and W-J. Zhu. 2001. BLEU: A method for automatic evaluation of machine translation. Research Report RC22176, IBM. Radev, Dragomir, Simone Teufel, Horacio Saggion, Wai Lam, John Blitzer, Arda Celebi, Hong Qi, Elliott Drabek, and Danyu Liu. 2002. Evaluation of text summarization in a cross-lingual information retrieval framework. Technical Report, Center for Language and Speech Processing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, June. Radev, Dragomir R., Hongyan Jing, and Malgorzata Budzikowska. 2000. Centroid-based summarization of multiple documents: Sentence extraction, utility-based evaluation, and user studies. In ANLP/NAACL Workshop on Summarization, Seattle, April. Radev, Dragomir R. and Kathleen R. McKeown. 1998. Generating natural language summaries from multiple on-line sources. Computational Linguistics, 24(3):469–500. Rau, Lisa and Paul Jacobs. 1991. Creating segmented databases from free text for text retrieval. In Proceedings of the 14th Annual International ACM-SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, New York, pages 337–346. Saggion, Horacio and Guy Lapalme. 2002. Generating indicative-informative summaries with SumUM. Computational Linguistics, 28(4), 497–526. Salton, G., A. Singhal, M. Mitra, and C. Buckley. 1997. Automatic text structuring and summarization. Information Processing & Management, 33(2):193–207. Silber, H. Gregory and Kathleen McCoy. 2002. Efficiently computed lexical chains as an intermediate representation for automatic text summarization. Computational Linguistics, 28(4), 487–496. Sparck Jones, Karen. 1999. Automatic summarizing: Factors and directions. In I. Mani and M. T. Maybury, editors, Advances in Automatic Text Summarization. MIT Press, Cambridge, pages 1–13. Strzalkowski, Tomek, Gees Stein, J. Wang, and Bowden Wise. 1999. A robust practical text summarizer. In I. Mani and M. T. Maybury, editors, Advances in Automatic Text Summarization. MIT Press, Cambridge, pages 137–154. Teufel, Simone and Marc Moens. 2002. Summarizing scientific articles: Experiments with relevance and rhetorical status. Computational Linguistics, 28(4), 409–445. White, Michael and Claire Cardie. 2002. Selecting sentences for multidocument summaries using randomized local search. In Proceedings of the Workshop on Automatic Summarization (including DUC 2002), Philadelphia, July. Association for Computational Linguistics, New Brunswick, NJ, pages 9–18. Witbrock, Michael and Vibhu Mittal. 1999. Ultra-summarization: A statistical approach to generating highly condensed non-extractive summaries. In Proceedings of the 22nd Annual International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval, Berkeley, pages 315–316. Zechner, Klaus. 2002. Automatic summarization of open-domain multiparty dialogues in diverse genres. Computational Linguistics, 28(4), 447–485.

Introduction to the special issue on summarization

Intergenerational retrospective viewpoints and individual policy preferences for future: A deliberative experiment for forest management

Critical thinking is a form of open-minded thinking that aims to gain insight into how to improve things. The focus is on criticism and applicability of the resultant knowledge. Despite the existence of theories linking the critical thinking disposition and hazard adjustment adoption, there have been no previous studies examining the association between this disposition and household earthquake preparedness. The present study intends to identify this association. Data were collected from 598 respondents through a questionnaire survey. Household earthquake preparedness was measured by the number of adjustments adopted in the household. In regression analysis, taking into account interactions between the considered variables, it was found that logical thinking awareness, a subconstruct of the critical thinking disposition, was a significant predictor of household preparedness. Furthermore, inquisitiveness, another subconstruct of critical thinking disposition, was found to moderate the association between risk perception and earthquake preparedness. This finding suggests that people who have the motivation to tackle challenging situations actually do so in the context of earthquake preparedness. The practical implications of the findings are also discussed.

Effect of critical thinking disposition on household earthquake preparedness

Intergenerational retrospective viewpoint promotes financially sustainable attitude

Assessment of social implications of nanotechnologies in Japan: Application of problem structuring method based on interview surveys and cognitive maps

There are two approaches to future planning: backcasting and scenario planning. While some studies have attempted to relate and combine these two approaches, a future design (FD) approach has recently been advocated and researched. Given this state of affairs, the paper provides an overview of the FD approach and discusses the potential benefits of linking and incorporating it into backcasting and scenario planning by summarizing the main features of such benefits for future planning for sustainability. A feature of an FD is that it explicitly orients people’s ways of thinking in the current generation to be generative for not only their own future but also generations to come, as well as in designing a plan within a coherent timeframe by demonstrating the characteristics of being prospective and retrospective from the viewpoint of a different generation. Another feature of FD lies in strategy making through some visioning process and in redefining the boundary between what is controllable and what is uncontrollable by considering the perspectives of future generations. We consider this article as a concept paper for the special issue of “Designing Sustainable Future Societies,” building on a literature review and author’s conceptual framework. Thus, our ideas and concepts suggest some potential benefits from incorporating FD into backcasting and scenario planning, further inducing people to be future-oriented and/or sustainable in terms of strategy making. We finally demonstrate some examples of FD practices and illustrative ideas of FD incorporation, remarking on possible avenues for future research.

Yoshinori Nakagawa

Papers

Intergenerational retrospective viewpoints and individual policy preferences for future: A deliberative experiment for forest management

Effect of critical thinking disposition on household earthquake preparedness

Intergenerational retrospective viewpoint promotes financially sustainable attitude

Assessment of social implications of nanotechnologies in Japan: Application of problem structuring method based on interview surveys and cognitive maps

Exploring the Possibility of Linking and Incorporating Future Design in Backcasting and Scenario Planning