THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Although the possibility of attacking smart-cards by analyzing their electromagnetic power radiation repeatedly appears in research papers, all accessible references evade the essence of reporting conclusive experiments where actual cryptographic algorithms such as des or RSA were successfully attacked

This work describes electromagnetic experiments conducted on three different cmos chips, featuring different hardware protections and executing a des, an alleged comp128 and an rsa In all cases the complete key material was successfully retrieved

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Electromagnetic Analysis: Concrete Results

Introduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility

With the rapid developments in very large-scale integration (VLSI) technology, design and computer-aided design (CAD) techniques, at both the chip and package level, the operating frequencies are fast reaching the vicinity of gigahertz and switching times are getting to the subnanosecond levels. The ever increasing quest for high-speed applications is placing higher demands on interconnect performance and highlighted the previously negligible effects of interconnects such as ringing, signal delay, distortion, reflections, and crosstalk. In this review paper various high-speed interconnect effects are briefly discussed. In addition, recent advances in transmission line macromodeling techniques are presented. Also, simulation of high-speed interconnects using model-reduction-based algorithms is discussed in detail.

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Simulation of high-speed interconnects

The current induced on an infinite multiple conductor transmission line located above a lossy homogeneous medium due to a transient plane wave is discussed. An exact solution is formulated in the frequency domain using a spatial transform technique. The widely utilized quasi-TEM approximation is derived directly from the exact solution with emphasis on the physical consequences of the assumptions made. Both frequency domain and time domain numerical results are presented for typical transmission structures and documented electromagnetic pulse (EMP) excitations. Comparison of the quasi-TEM approximation to the exact solution is made in order to study the validity of its application in EMP coupling problems. The modeling of the EMP source as an incident plane wave is examined by comparing the induced current due to a dipole source with its steepest-descent contribution. >

Plane wave coupling to multiple conductor transmission lines above a lossy earth

The coupling of external electromagnetic waves to transmission lines is developed using a circuit-analysis concept. The validity of forcing terms of line equations reported in the literature is confirmed by experimental results of a wire model that is installed above a ?perfectly? conducting ground plane and excited by plane waves of parallel and perpendicular polarizations. Equivalent-circuit representations are derived from solutions of the equations. These are versatile expressions for prediction of coupling of external waves to various types of lines. Coupling, externally excited transmission line, line equations, forcing terms.

Circuit-Concept Approach to Externally Excited Transmission Lines

Two approaches, one based on the circuit concept and the other based on field theory, are used to model the crosstalk between two microstrip lines of finite length and arbitrary orientation. In the circuit-concept modeling, a set of equations for the line voltages and currents has been derived from a modified telegrapher's equation. A four-port network expression is resultantly obtained by solving the equations, thus the crosstalk can be predicted by applying terminal conditions to the network expression. On the other hand, the extended finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method has been used to model the terminal resistors and the feeding resistive voltage source in the crosstalk analysis. Several physical models have been fabricated and experiments performed. The calculated results are compared to measurements. In our experiment, for microstrip lines of finite length and arbitrary orientation, there are short line-sections or vias at each of the four ports, which should be incorporated into the crosstalk analysis. This effect has been investigated numerically and experimentally.

Analysis of crosstalk between finite-length microstrip lines: FDTD approach and circuit-concept modeling

We study time-domain and frequency-domain responses of nonuniform and uniform transmission lines excited by incident electromagnetic waves. Externally excited uniform transmission lines permit closed-form solutions in terms of inverse chain matrix, whereas nonuniform lines cannot be analytically solved, in general. We adopt a method of equivalent cascaded network chain as the method of solving the latter situation. Useful and compact expressions for the load currents induced at terminal loads are derived. To confirm the validity of this method and the forcing terms, theoretical and experimental results of coupling calculations for a few typical (uniform/nonuniform) line geometries, relevant in the EMC field, are presented and discussed.

Field coupling to nonuniform and uniform transmission lines

A Prediction Method of Common-Mode Excitation on a Printed Circuit Board Having a Signal Trace near the Ground Edge

Based on the transmission line theory, modal transformation is applied to a balanced two-conductor line connected to a signal source and a load, which yields an equivalent circuit expressed in differential and common modes. This newly developed equivalent circuit clearly shows that the common-mode currents on a balance two-conductor line are generated by (1) direct injection of the common-mode current by a connected RF source; (2) multiple mode conversions by the source and load; and (3) multiple reflections of the modal currents at the source and load. The effects of branch lines connected to the feeder line are also investigated, focusing on generation of the common-mode current. It is concluded that the common-mode currents are also generated by (4) series connection of a branch line. Particularly, in the case of a switching branch line, the connection of a feeder line makes the branch line imbalanced, resulting in the common-mode current in the branch line. The aforementioned theoretical findings are compared with computer simulation using the method of moments with the numerical electromagnetic code (NEC2).

Yoshio Kami

Papers

Circuit-Concept Approach to Externally Excited Transmission Lines

Analysis of crosstalk between finite-length microstrip lines: FDTD approach and circuit-concept modeling

Field coupling to nonuniform and uniform transmission lines

A Prediction Method of Common-Mode Excitation on a Printed Circuit Board Having a Signal Trace near the Ground Edge

Generation and Propagation of Common-Mode Currents in a Balanced Two-Conductor Line