Matrix computation, as a fundamental building block of information processing in science and technology, contributes most of the computational overheads in modern signal processing and artificial intelligence algorithms. Photonic accelerators are designed to accelerate specific categories of computing in the optical domain, especially matrix multiplication, to address the growing demand for computing resources and capacity. Photonic matrix multiplication has much potential to expand the domain of telecommunication, and artificial intelligence benefiting from its superior performance. Recent research in photonic matrix multiplication has flourished and may provide opportunities to develop applications that are unachievable at present by conventional electronic processors. In this review, we first introduce the methods of photonic matrix multiplication, mainly including the plane light conversion method, Mach-Zehnder interferometer method and wavelength division multiplexing method. We also summarize the developmental milestones of photonic matrix multiplication and the related applications. Then, we review their detailed advances in applications to optical signal processing and artificial neural networks in recent years. Finally, we comment on the challenges and perspectives of photonic matrix multiplication and photonic acceleration. 

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Photonic matrix multiplication lights up photonic accelerator and beyond

Alga-mediated facile green synthesis of silver nanoparticles: Photophysical, catalytic and antibacterial activity

Modular Fabrication of Intelligent Material-Tissue Interfaces for Bioinspired and Biomimetic Devices.

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Soda lime borate glasses doped with silver nitrate were prepared using melt annealing technique. Glass samples were then irradiated with a nanosecond (Nd:YAG laser) which emits 1064 nm, 8 nspulse duration and 10 Hz repetition rate through a focusing lens. Ultraviolet/Visible (UV/Vis.) Optical absorption spectra show appearance of absorption peak due Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) of precipitated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of the prepared sample show a small variation in intensity for the sample before and after laser irradiation combined with appearance of new band attributed to the precipitated AgNPs. X-ray diffraction reveals appearance of a sharp diffraction peaksafter laser irradiation attributed for 111 and 200 planes of precipitated metallic nano-silver. Size and distribution of observed nano-silver was calculated using Debye Scherrer formula and confirmed using transmission electron microscope (TEM).

Nanosecond Laser Irradiation as New Route for Silver Nanoparticles Precipitation in Glassy Matrix

Metal nanoparticles (MNPs) hold great technological promise because of the possibility of engineering their electronic and optical properties through material design. One of the effective methods to fabricate MNPs is ion implantation. In this review, recent results on the nonlinear optical properties of nanoparticles (including copper, silver, gold, and bismuth nanoparticles) doped in various bases have been discussed. Some specific optical nonlinear properties, such as nonlinear refraction, two-photon absorption, and optical limiting, for femtosecond, picosecond, and nanosecond laser pulses have also been covered. In addition to ion implantation, we have summarized several other methods for the preparation of composite materials, and Z-scan has been used to study the nonlinear optical properties of these materials.

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Nonlinear optical properties of metal nanoparticles: a review

The main challenge for sodium/potassium ion storage is to find the suitable host materials to accommodate the larger-sized Na+/K+ and conquer the sluggish chemical kinetics. Herein, by selenation of polyoxometalate in electrospinning fiber, a novel MoO2/MoSe2 heterostructure embedded in one-dimensional (1D) N,P-doped carbon nanofiber (MoO2/MoSe2@NPC) is rationally constructed to show distinct enhancement of rate performance and cycle life for sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium ion batteries (PIBs). The 1D skeleton of MoO2/MoSe2@NPC decreases the diffusion pathway of Na+/K+, and the doping of N/P heteroatoms in carbon fiber creates abundant active sites and provides good reachability for Na+/K+ transportation. MoSe2 nanosheets grow in the bulk phase of MoO2 via in situ local phase transformation to achieve effective and firm heterointerfaces. Especially, the exposure extent of heterointerfaces can be controlled by treatment temperature during the preparation process, and the optimized heterointerfaces result in an ideal synergic effect between MoO2 and MoSe2. DFT calculations confirm that the internal electric field in the heterogeneous interface guides the electron transfer from MoO2 to MoSe2, combined with strong adsorption capacity toward sodium/potassium, facilitating ion/electron transfer kinetics. It is confirmed that the MoO2/MoSe2@NPC anode for SIBs delivers 382 mA h g-1 under 0.1 A g-1 upon 200 cycles; meanwhile, a reversible capacity of 266 mA h g-1 is maintained even under 2 A g-1 after 2000 cycles. For PIBs, it can reach up to 216 mA h g-1 in the 200th cycle and still retain 125 mA h g-1 after 2000 cycles under 1 A g-1. This study opens up a new interface manipulation strategy for the design of anode materials to boost fast Na+/K+ storage kinetics.

Yu-xi Zhang

Papers

Nonlinear optical properties of metal nanoparticles: a review

Manipulation of the MoO2/MoSe2 Heterointerface Boosting High Rate and Durability for Sodium/Potassium Storage.