Effect of biodiesel fuels on diesel engine emissions

3D nanostructures have attracted much attention because of their unique properties and potential applications. The simplest synthetic route to 3D nanostructures is probably selfassembly, in which ordered aggregates are formed in a spontaneous process. However, it is still a big challenge to develop simple and reliable synthetic methods for hierarchically selfassembled architectures with designed chemical components and controlled morphologies, which strongly affect the properties of nanomaterials. Iron oxides have been extensively studied in diverse fields including catalysis, environment protection, sensors, magnetic storage media, and clinical diagnosis and treatment. Various iron oxide structures, such as nanocrystals, particles, cubes, spindles, rods, wires, tubes, and flakes, have been successfully fabricated by a variety of methods. However, the self-assembly of these low-dimensional building blocks into complex 3D ordered nanostructures is still considerably more difficult. In order to further understand the mechanism of self-organization and expand the applications of iron oxide nanomaterials, self-assembled iron oxide 3D nanostructures need to be explored in more detail. Herein, we report the synthesis of novel 3D flowerlike iron oxide nanostructures by an ethylene glycol (EG)-mediated self-assembly process. Such a method has been adopted previously for the preparation of V2O5 hollow microspheres, [7]

Self‐Assembled 3D Flowerlike Iron Oxide Nanostructures and Their Application in Water Treatment

As the field of nanomedicine emerges, there is a lag in research surrounding the topic of nanoparticle (NP) toxicity, particularly concerned with mechanisms of action. The continuous emergence of bacterial resistance has challenged the research community to develop novel antibiotic agents. Metal NPs are among the most promising of these because show strong antibacterial activity. This review summarizes and discusses proposed mechanisms of antibacterial action of different metal NPs. These mechanisms of bacterial killing include the production of reactive oxygen species, cation release, biomolecule damages, ATP depletion, and membrane interaction. Finally, a comprehensive analysis of the effects of NPs on the regulation of genes and proteins (transcriptomic and proteomic) profiles is discussed.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186/s12951-017-0308-z.pdf

Metal nanoparticles: understanding the mechanisms behind antibacterial activity.

The world is confronted with the twin crises of fossil fuel depletion and environmental degradation. The indiscriminate extraction and consumption of fossil fuels have led to a reduction in petroleum reserves. Petroleum based fuels are obtained from limited reserves. These finite reserves are highly concentrated in certain region of the world. Therefore, those countries not having these resources are facing a foreign exchange crisis, mainly due to the import of crude petroleum oil. Hence it is necessary to look for alternative fuels, which can be produced from materials available within the country. Although vegetative oils can be fuel for diesel engines, but their high viscosities, low volatilities and poor cold flow properties have led to the investigation of its various derivatives. Among the different possible sources, fatty acid methyl esters, known as Biodiesel fuel derived from triglycerides (vegetable oil and animal fates) by transesterification with methanol, present the promising alternative substitute to diesel fuels and have received the most attention now a day. The main advantages of using Biodiesel are its renewability, better quality exhaust gas emission, its biodegradability and the organic carbon present in it is photosynthetic in origin. It does not contribute to a rise in the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and consequently to the green house effect. This paper reviews the source of production and characterization of vegetable oils and their methyl ester as the substitute of the petroleum fuel and future possibilities of Biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production through the use of different sources and characterization of oils and their esters as the substitute of diesel: A review

As a renewable, sustainable and alternative fuel for compression ignition engines, biodiesel instead of diesel has been increasingly fueled to study its effects on engine performances and emissions in the recent 10 years. But these studies have been rarely reviewed to favor understanding and popularization for biodiesel so far. In this work, reports about biodiesel engine performances and emissions, published by highly rated journals in scientific indexes, were cited preferentially since 2000 year. From these reports, the effect of biodiesel on engine power, economy, durability and emissions including regulated and non-regulated emissions, and the corresponding effect factors are surveyed and analyzed in detail. The use of biodiesel leads to the substantial reduction in PM, HC and CO emissions accompanying with the imperceptible power loss, the increase in fuel consumption and the increase in NOx emission on conventional diesel engines with no or fewer modification. And it favors to reduce carbon deposit and wear of the key engine parts. Therefore, the blends of biodiesel with small content in place of petroleum diesel can help in controlling air pollution and easing the pressure on scarce resources without significantly sacrificing engine power and economy. However, many further researches about optimization and modification on engine, low temperature performances of engine, new instrumentation and methodology for measurements, etc., should be performed when petroleum diesel is substituted completely by biodiesel.

http://www.abe-research.illinois.edu/pubs/T_Grift/EffectOfBiodieselOnEnginePerformancesAndEmissions.pdf

Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions

The effects of SO2 on the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 over a Ce/TiO2 catalyst were studied. Conversion of NO remained above 90% in the presence of 100 ppm SO2 at 350 °C for 48 h. However, when 180 ppm SO2 was added at 300 °C, NO conversion only remained above 90% during the first 12 h and then gradually decreased with time. Characterizations of fresh and SO2-poisoned Ce/TiO2 catalysts were carried out using Brunauer−Emmett−Teller method, ion chromatography, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The analytical results indicate that there was no obvious change in the crystal structure of the different samples; however, the specific area decreased with SO2 poisoning time. Sulfates were formed and preferentially diffused from the surface to a bulk phase during the poisoning process. Temperature-programmed desorption and diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform spectroscopy results show that in the presence of O2, SO2 could react with NH3 to form NH4HSO4, which is deposi...

Deactivation of a Ce/TiO2 Catalyst by SO2 in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by NH3

Selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 over a Ce/TiO2 catalyst

Pretreatments of Co3O4 at moderate temperature for CO oxidation at −80 °C

Emission characteristics using methyl soyate-ethanol-diesel fuel blends on a diesel engine

Environmentally-benign catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx from diesel engines: structure–activity relationship and reaction mechanism aspects

Yunbo Yu

Papers

Deactivation of a Ce/TiO2 Catalyst by SO2 in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO by NH3

Selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 over a Ce/TiO2 catalyst

Pretreatments of Co3O4 at moderate temperature for CO oxidation at −80 °C

Emission characteristics using methyl soyate-ethanol-diesel fuel blends on a diesel engine

Environmentally-benign catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NOx from diesel engines: structure–activity relationship and reaction mechanism aspects