As a highly efficient mode of freight transport for global trade, international shipping is currently expected to improve energy efficiency and reduce carbon emissions. Various countermeasures and action plans have been proposed by stakeholders in the maritime community. This paper presents a comprehensive review to categorise the pathways and highlight the concepts, methodologies, characteristics, implementation barriers and future prospects of different abatement measures for carbon dioxide emissions in the maritime industry. In addition, the regulatory framework composed of rules and regulations, market-based measures and voluntary actions is reviewed and discussed. The literature reviewed is selective and critical considering papers from reputable journals and reports from leading institutions or organisations. It was found that most of the technological and operational measures were highly context-sensitive and no individual measure in isolation could achieve the objectives of low carbon or zero carbon shipping. Eco-friendly fuels and alternative power sources were found to be promising but their applications would significantly depend on ship types and ship routes, i.e., diversification and decentralization of ship power sources and marine fuel types are inevitable for future shipping. It was also shown that the economic considerations and legal framework are still the main challenges at present. This review has clarified the pathways to decarbonisation in the shipping industry and it is expected to be a useful resource for academic research and industrial practice.

A comprehensive review on countermeasures for CO2 emissions from ships

Weather routing and safe ship handling in the future of shipping

The paper presents a weather routing algorithm utilising a multi-objective optimisation with constraints, namely the Multi-objective Evolutionary Weather Routing Algorithm (MEWRA). In the proposed approach weather route recommendations can be made simultaneously e.g. for passage time, fuel consumption and safety of passage by means of Pareto optimisation. The sets of criteria and constraints in the optimisation process are fully customisable. The algorithm handles static (time-independent) and dynamic (time-dependent) constraints e.g. forecasted high wind speed regions or customisable areas to be excluded from routing (e.g. due to piracy). The paper includes a description of MEWRA as well as examples of its usage for finding Pareto-optimal transoceanic ship routes.

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Multi-objective Weather Routing with Customised Criteria and Constraints

The optimization of ship weather-routing algorithm based on the composite influence of multi-dynamic elements (II): Optimized routings

The advancement of Coastal Ocean Forecasting Systems (COFS) requires the support of continuous scientific progress addressing: (a) the primary mechanisms driving coastal circulation; (b) methods to...

/pdf/coastal-ocean-forecasting-science-foundation-and-user-4o2ua02uu6.pdf

Coastal Ocean Forecasting: science foundation and user benefits

From the Surface Velocity Program (SVP) drifter current data, a detailed and complete track of strong ocean currents in the north-western Pacific is provided using the bin average method. The focus of this study is on the Kuroshio, the strong western boundary current of the North Pacific flowing northward along the east coast of Taiwan and then turning eastward off southern Japan. With its average flow speed of about 2 knots, the Kuroshio can significantly increase the ship’s speed for a “super-slow-steaming” container ship travelling at speeds of 12 knots between the ports of Southeast Asia and Japan. By properly utilizing knowledge of strong ocean currents to follow the Kuroshio on the northbound runs and avoid it on the return trip, considerable fuel can be saved and the transit time can be reduced. In the future, the detailed Kuroshio saving-energy route could be built into electronic chart systems for all navigators and shipping routers.

/pdf/ship-routing-utilizing-strong-ocean-currents-crxx5ijrhp.pdf

Ship Routing Utilizing Strong Ocean Currents

To enhance the immediacy and accuracy of search and rescue missions conducted by Taiwan Coast Guard Administration (TCGA), this study examines the characteristics of ocean currents and estimates th...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/1755876X.2018.1541538

Yung Ting Shen

Papers

Ship Routing Utilizing Strong Ocean Currents

Applications of ocean currents data from high-frequency radars and current profilers to search and rescue missions around Taiwan